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A COMPAEATIYE VOCABULARY 



OF 



FOETY-EIGHT LANGUAGES, 



COMPRISING 



ONE HUNDEED AND FOETY-SIX 



COMMON ENGLISH WORDS, 



WITH 



THEIE COGNATES IN THE OTHEK LANGUAGES, 



SHOWING 



THEIE AFFINITIES WITH THE ENGLISH AND HEBKEW. 



BY THE 



EEV. jr TOMLIN, B.A., 



Author of " Missionary Journals and Letters during Eleven Years Eesidence in the East ; H 

" Shin v. Shangte, or Inquiry respecting the proper term in Chinese for rendering 

Elohim and ®eo?;" and "Critical Eemarks on Dr. Medhurst's Chinese 

Translation of the New Testament;" &c. 



LIYEEPOOL: 

AETHUE NEWLING, 27, BOLD STEEET. 

1865. 






Note. — The German or Continental pronunciation of the Vowels is adopted 
in this Vocabulary, or, at least, as far as practicable. Change or Mutation is 
indicated by ~~. 



Itf^f/z? 






SiY 



PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. ?4" 



The English words, forming the basis of this Comparative Vocabulary, were 
selected as most suitable for the purpose from the pure Anglo-Saxon part of our 
language ; they relate to the most familiar and important objects, and such as were 
most likely to be found in the various languages of the earth, and range over 
fourteen distinct departments of human knowledge. Their simple and pure Saxon 
character is obvious from the fact of there being no less than one hundred and 
nineteen Saxon words placed opposite to them as their natural correlatives. And 
their suitableness for an extensive comparison is also obvious from the fact that in 
nearly all the other languages, corresponding and indigenous words are found. 
There are, indeed, a few exceptions ; for instance, in the Tahitian and Esquimaux, 
where the want of native terms is supplied either from the English language or 
from the Hebrew or Greek, the foreign substitutes being modified so as to suit the 
genius of the language into which they are introduced ; these foreign words are 
indicated by a + annexed to each. Of course such words are neglected in 
our comparison. 

The affinities which the several languages bear to the Hebrew and English 
respectively are indicated by the letters H and E, prefixed to the words, and the 
number of such affinities is summed up at the bottom of each column ; and, finally, 
the total for each is given at the end of the Vocabulary, followed by a Table of 
Affinities, exhibiting the approximate ratio which each language bears to the 
Hebrew and English. 

In tracing out and ascertaining the affinities subsisting amongst the various 
languages, the Author has conscientiously endeavoured to maintain an impartial and 
equitable judgment, guided by the established principles of sound and comprehensive 
philology. These principles regard the various mutations and modifications which 
any given word may undergo by transfusion into different languages. The 
mutations arise from interchange of letters and syllables, according to the genius of 
the language. Elision of consonants also frequently occurs, especially in such 
languages as the Chinese and Polynesian tongues, which abound in vowels, and 
with which they usually terminate their words. Some, however, as the Esquimaux, 
are partial to harsh guttural sounds, and modify new and foreign words accordingly. 

I have frequently been struck with the similarity of the changes and 
mutations of letters, &c, running through almost all the languages that have come 
under my notice; resulting evidently from corresponding changes made in the 



IV. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 

organs of speech by the divine power and wisdom at the dispersion of Babel. Thus 

Jehovah, by very simple means, brings about great changes, as He is wont, by His 

infinite power and wisdom. By slightly changing their tongues He divides them 

into separate families or nations, and scatters them abroad over the face of the 

earth. I will give some illustrations in proof of this, and begin with ourselves. 

The hard prounciation of th, initial and medial, is a remarkable peculiarity of the 

English, and is as great a stumbling block to our continental neighbours as SMboleih 

was to the Ephraimites, who could not frame to pronounce it aright, although their 

lives depended upon it, but instead thereof called it Siboleth. Thus, take for 

instance the word Father, and observe the orthography of its cognates through the 

whole Saxon, or Teutonic family : 

Saxon, Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic, 

Fader. Vader. Vater. Fader. Fader. 

Either d or t is substituted for the English ill throughout these languages. And 

the same is observable in the Persian, Hindostani, and Turkish, which retain the 

same word : 

Persian, Hindostani, Turkish, 

Pader. Pedur. Peder. 

Also, in the Greek and Latin Family we have a similar orthography of the same 

word: 

Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, 

Pater. Pater. Padre. Padre. Pere. 

The Irish and Gaelic, however, seem to retain the English pronunciation, or, at 

least, the orthography of the word : 

Irish, Gaelic, 

Aithair. Aithair. 

The initial F being dropped in these languages. The Gothic also, I think, has 

the same sound : thus in Atta, Father, we have the double t corresponding to th. 

The double d in the Welsh language, especially when final, has the hard sound of 

th, as in nefoedd, heaven • bedd, a grave. The kindred words, Mother and Brother, 

undergo precisely similar changes in the above languages. The Saxon, Gothic, Irish, 

and Gaelic retain the English sound of tk, or at least the orthography. The 

French are prone to shorten their words ; thus we have Pere, mere, frere, in the 

above instances. 

The Dutch usually change s to z, thus son becomes zoon ; sun, zon ; sister, 

zuster ; sea, zee. They also lengthen their vowels, or give them an open, broad sound. 

DIALECT OF DALECAELIA. 

" The Dalcarls are Swedish Highlanders, and have preserved comparatively 
unchanged the manners, customs, and language of their Gothic forefathers ; they 
are the only remains of the Ancient Gothic stock that aspirate the letters 1 and w : 
an infallible characteristic of the Meso-Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and Icelandic. 

" Also these peculiarities prevail in Western Dalecarlia, viz. : 1, prefixing v to 



PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. V. 

all monosyllables, beginning with a vowel, as, vom, for; om, if; (Hebrew Qy id.) 
vord for ord, a word. 2, Transposition of syllables: as jasel for selja, to sell; lata 
for tala, to speak. Thus they say, l kan du lata tas korba, so kimi du lavi ? Kan 
du tala tee baka, so mild du vila?' Canst thou speak backwards, as much as thou 
wilt ? The affinity of this dialect to the English is proved by the fact of ' a boy 
from Dalecarlia who was taken by a Swedish Ambassador to England, and who 
easily understood the language of the peasants of the Northern Counties.' ' 

The above peculiarity of the Dalecarlians, in transposing syllables, may 
account for similar transpositions in many English words in passing from the 
original Hebrew into the English tongue. 

REMARKS ON THE DANISH. 

a, e, i = j, o, u, like the German. 

e* sometimes pronounced like i, and i sometimes like e. 

o frequently like the German 6. 

a a, e e, like a, e. I initial like Y. 

The consonants have generally an easy, soft pronunciation. 

b often like p, and p sometimes as b. 

d ~ t and is often written 8. 

g initial and final often ~ y. 

gh usually softened down and lost as in English. 

r is usually faintly heard and often -— n. 

ou and ow like oo in poor. 

ON THE GAELIC. 

The Gaelic language is peculiar in its orthography, and is difficult of 
acquisition to strangers. The letter h is not used in it, its place is supplied by c, 
which always has the hard sound as in cearc, a hen ; g is always hard as in gealach, 
moon ; geadh, goose. A principal difficulty arises from the number of consonants 
in combination, many of which are silent in the pronunciation, as BreiiheamJi, a 
judge, pronounced Breho. The double consonant th is never sounded, it merely 
indicates a sudden aspiration, as Retli, a Ram. fli in the beginning of words is 
never sounded as an pheasgar, the evening ; an fMon, the wine, pronounced an esgar, 
an een. bh and mh sound like v in English, as craobh, a tree ; freumh, a root, 
pronounced craov 1 freuv. ch is guttural, like the Greek %, as lochran, lamp, oidche, 
night, pronounced loxran, oi%. 

ao is supposed to be peculiar to this language; having no corresponding 
sound in English, it nearly resembles the sound emitted by a young calf, as in 
aodann, face ; aodach, cloth ; caora, a sheep ; aon, one. 

dli and gh are very faintly audible, if at all heard as in slighe, a way ; tighe, 
a house, pronounced slie, ti. chd may be expressed nearly by joining the Greek % 

* e final is usually silent as in English, and merely lengthens the preceding vowel. 



VI. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 

and h as in bochd, poor, pronounced 5o%&, cruicthneachd, wheat, pronounced 
t'ruinayk) druchd, dew, pronounced dru^c. 

Gaelic scholars divide the vowels into broad and slender ; a, o, u, being broad, 
and i, e, slender vowels. And the rule they give for the formation of syllables is, 
when a broad vowel ends a syllable, a broad vowel must begin the next syllable ; 
and when a slender vowel concludes a syllable, a slender vowel must begin the 
next. This accounts for the number of silent vowels, which, with the peculiar- 
combination of consonants, make many words appear uncouth; as coimhearsnach, 
neighbour, pronounced coiersnax-, gaincamh, sand, pronounced ganiv, deasgain, 
yeast, pronounced desgin, ceileiridh, to chirp, pronounced celiri] saighead, pronounced 
said, an arrow. 

ON THE WELSH. 

Mutations and permutations of consonants abound more in this language than 
any other I am acquainted with. Changes of single and double consonants for others, 
according to their varied position, are constantly occurring, and are made, not at 
random, but in a most systematic manner, and according to strict grammatical 
rules. Many derivatives are thus formed from a single root, which Welsh scholars 
consider as giving peculiar beauty, richness, and regularity to their language, and 
as affording strong proofs of its purity and originality. Although this we willingly 
concede, but when some go further, and lay claim to its being the primitive language 
spoken in Paradise, we at once demur, knowing, on the best evidence, that it, as 
well as all other languages, must yield the palm to the Hebrew, for purity, integrity, 
and originality. 

The following are examples of the mutations of initial consonants in Welsh, 
according to their varied position. Thus c is susceptible of three mutations : 



Eadical. 


Light. 


Aspirate. 


Soft. 


s c. car »~ 


g. gar — 


ngh. nghar ~~ 


ch. char. 


P. priod ~ 


B. briod ~~ 


mh. mhriod — 


ph. phriod 


T. tad 


D. dad -N- 


nh. nhad -*«- 


Th. thad 


B. brawd -- 


F. frawd ~ 


M. mrawd 




D. dyn ~~ 


Dd. ddyn ~~ 


N. nyn 




Gr. gwr ->- 


wr ~~ 


ng. ngwr 




LI. llaw -~ 


L. law 






M. mab -— 


F. fab 






Eh. rhan ~ 


P. ran 







The word priod (English, bride) gives rise to the following derivatives 
Priod, proper, peculiar, one's own, a married person, man or woman. 
Priodi, to marry. 
Priodas, marriage. 
Priod vab, bridegroom. 
verch, bride. 



PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. Vli. 

Priodal, proper, one's own, married, &c. 

Priodawr, a proprietor, especially of land. 

Priodoldeb, property. 

Priodoledd, (Armorica,) wedlock. 

Priodor, a native, Ex. xii. 49. 

qu. English : Brother. 

Brodorion, natives, those who have been born and bred in the same country. 

The sound of ch corresponding to % in Greek, properly pronounced, and being 
radical, is ever attended with w. 

Dd as th in the English this, thou, though; but never as in theme, thought. 
LI has a sound probably peculiar to the Welsh, which a stranger to the language 
can only acquire from a native Cambrian : the Spanish 11 approaches it, but the 
Italian gl comes much nearer. 

ON THE SYRIAC, ARAMAIC, or CHALDEE. 

The Syriac (as will be apparent in this Vocabulary) is more closely allied 
to the Hebrew than any other language. There are, however, several mutations and 
transpositions of letters, which constitute a marked dialectical difference. These 
mutations, or interchanges of letters, transpositions, &c, are similar to those 
occurring in almost all other languages, and are accounted for on the principles 
before adverted to, relating to the organs of speech. 

1. A marked peculiarity in the Syriac is, that a great many words, which 
end in a consonant in Hebrew, terminate in a or 6. 

Thus Hebrew nun, a fish, becomes nuno in Syriac. 
„ esh, fire, „ eshtho „ 

„ zahab, gold, „ dahbo „ 

2. z and d are interchangeable in Hebrew and Syriac, as in the last instance, 
zahab becomes dahbo in Syriac. 

3. b in Hebrew is changed into p ; as Hebrew, barzel, iron ; Syriac, parzel. 

4. 2 — - y, as aretz, earth, becomes aro. The reader may find other 
mutations of letters in a Chaldee or Syriac Grammar. 

ON THE CHINESE AND HOKKEEN (usually written Fokien) DIALECT. 

The Chinese language is very limited in words and vocal sounds ; the Court 
or Manderin dialect not having above 600 or 700 distinct words. They generally 
terminate in vowels or dipthongs ; many of their sounds are peculiar and difficult 
of enunciation, and of expression in writing, by Europeans. For instance, a child, 
or philosopher, is, according to Dr. Morrison's orthography, tsze. The Hokkeen 
dialect is more energetic, and, although it abounds in gutturals, is more easily 
attainable by an European. Thus tsze, a son, or child, is pronounced choo in 
Hokkeen. This dialect has been denominated the Yorkshire of China, and differs 
indeed as much, or even more, from the Court dialect than that of Yorkshire from 



Vlll. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 

the Cockney. It is also subdivided into the reading and colloquial dialects. These 
differences may be observed in this Comparative Vocabulary, where I have given 
both the written and colloquial sounds in many of the words in Hokkeen, as well 
as in the Court language. 

The following are some of the principal mutations of letters, &c, which occur 
in the Hokkeen : 

1. Manderin ch initial is changed in Hokkeen to s, £, or k. as 

chan, produce ~~ san. 
chang, long ~- tiang. 
cA<?, a wheel ~ ki. 
chi, to know — < ti. 

2. Manderin words ending in h almost invariably end in k or t in the 
Hokkeen : 

Thus chih, a cubit, ~ chek. 
choh, a table, ~— tok. 

3. /is usually changed to h 1 as 

/oo, father, ~ hoo. 

fdh, a rule or law, ~ hwat. 

4. m is frequently changed to S, as 

mo6, mother, --w bo. 

w/, rice, -- hi. 
n sometimes to Z, as 

ndn, south, -- lam. 

5. The vowels also undergo frequent changes, thus, 

Pih King (the Capital City) --~ pek keng. 
Nan King (the City) ~ lam keng. 

N.B. — The former signifies Northern Capital, the latter, Southern Capital. 

ON THE JAPANESE. 

Powers. 

a in father. 

e in they. 

ai in high. 

i in machine. 

o in so (never as in Lord). 

u in rule. 

dj in judge. 

j in jamais (French). 

o is a very lengthened minim of o ; nothing like it in any language I have 
ever known ; it is not a drawl, but more like the difference between the o in not 
and note> yet a longer sound than the last, though otherwise just like it. The o 



PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. IX. 

must never be sounded short : otto (husband) is nothing like otto of roses, but like 
oat-to. 

g as in guinea. 

The above remarks are by Dr. Williams, of Canton, an American Missionary, 
who kindly procured this language for me. 

ON THE POLYNESIAN or SOUTH SEA ISLAND DIALECTS. 

The Sandwich Islanders make the following changes from the Tahitian : 

t (Tahitian) — k, r ~~ 1, h — f. 

The Austral Islanders, including several islands 400 miles south of Tahiti, 
read fluently the Tahitian Scriptures, but reject f and h f without supplying a 
substitute, which makes an amazing difference in their pronunciation. 

Harvey and Earotonga Islanders often insert h between two vowels of the 
Tahitian, and put gu before a vowel. With the Samoas h -- s. 

The Samoan dialect is the only one in which the sibilant is used. 

The Tonga alone uses/. 

The South Sea island dialects have the dual number. 

That a language spoken by Savages should be supposed to be defective, in 
many respects, could not create surprise, but the fact is contrary to all we might 
have anticipated, that the Polynesian dialects are remarkably rich, admit of a great 
variety of phraseology, abound in terms of peculiar nicety, and are spoken with 
strict conformity to the most precise grammatical principles. Of this we shall 
furnish a few examples. In the first place the Polynesians employ three numbers, 
the singular, the dual, and the plural, with which the inflections of their verbs agree. 

Singular. Dual. Plural. 

To speak, paran, pararan, paraparan. 

To do, rave, rarave, raverave. 

There are but 14 or 15 letters in any of the dialects of this language; and 
as we spell the word precisely as it is pronounced, no difficulty is experienced in 
teaching the children spelling. All we have to do is to instruct them in the sounds 
of the letters, and when these are acquired they spell the longest words with ease. 
As the natives are never at a loss to express their thoughts or emotions, we have 
been obliged, in effecting our translations, to introduce but few terms. These are 
principally religious terms, or relate to articles and ideas unknown prior to their 
intercourse with Europeans. Before admitting a new word we have generally 
considered whether it could be Polynesianized ; that is, whether vowels could be 
inserted between every two consonants without destroying its identity ; and, secondly, 
whether any terms exist in the native tongue with which it was likely to be 
confounded. When we could adopt English words we preferred doing so; but 
these cannot be accommodated to the South Sea dialects so easily as words from 
the Greek. Of this the term horse may afford an illustration. This, by the 
introduction of vowels, so entirely loses its identity that horse would become horete. 

2 



X. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 

But as the omission of one p and the s from the Greek word hippos gives us hipo, 
we adopt that word because it harmonizes with the language, can easily be 
pronounced by the natives, and retains a sufficient resemblance to the original to 
preserve its identity. 

The following are specimens of the changes made in European names by the 
New Zealanders : 

Apollos is pronounced ... ... ... Aporo 



Hoani Pika. 
Hori Mori. 
Mr. Whi-te-ley. 
Wa-te-hou-si. 
Jio loo fu. 



John Fisher „ 

George Morley ,, 

Mr. Whiteley „ 

Mr. Waterhouse „ 

Love to you ! ,, 

The above remarks on the languages of the South Sea Islanders were made 
by the Eev. W. Ellis, formerly a Missionary at Tahiti, and Hawaii, and more 
recently in Madagascar, and the author of several excellent works. He also kindly 
furnished me with the Tahitian dialect for this Vocabulary. 

This work has cost the Author many years of laborious research, and corres- 
pondence with Missionary Brethren in various parts of the world, and has been 
carefully written out and re-written from the autographs of his friends. Few, 
indeed, except such as have engaged in similar investigations, can conceive the 
labour of research required in accumulating the materials, arranging them, and 
then carefully observing and tracing out the affinities of all the languages to the 
Hebrew and English. The latter process, especially, demanded much patient 
thought and the exercise of a sound and impartial judgment, guided by the 
ascertained principles of philology. Besides cost of time and mental labour, he 
has willingly borne considerable expense in remunerating some of his coadjutors 
for their trouble and expenditure in obtaining the assistance of competent native 
teachers for filling up the Vocabulary correctly in various languages, and transcribing 
fair copies for him. 

Notwithstanding all this labour and constant vigilance in this work, many 
imperfections mar it ; and errors, which may have escaped his notice, will doubtless 
be detected by able Philologists. And, while he would accept their candid and 
judicious criticisms in a grateful spirit, he must doubtless be prepared to encounter 
severe and, perhaps, unjust strictures from less judicious and candid critics. How- 
ever, since the Author's simple and conscientious aim has been, by fair and patient 
investigation, to ascertain the evidence of the affinity of languages, and so to illus- 
trate and confirm the sure testimony of the Divine Eecord on the subject, he can 
patiently bear man's severe and partial judgment, being fully satisfied with the 
reward of God's approval, and blessing upon his humble work, throughout which 
he has conscientiously sought His glory. 

The importance of these philological enquiries, when prosecuted in a right 
spirit, and with a single eye to the glory of God, is rightly appreciated and well 
stated in the following quotation from the Church Jfixsionary Intelligencer. 



PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. XI. 

"ON THE VALUE OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY." 

" This study may appear to be remote from practical results. We are persuaded 
that it is not so. Its successful prosecution lies at the root of many great questions, 
involving the foundations of our faith ; it is the real key, too, to the understanding 
of a nation's history, and a valuable auxiliary to systematic Missionary work." — 
Church Missionary Intelligencer, Vol. X., p. 11. 

It only now remains for the Author, before concluding this preliminary notice, 
to present his grateful acknowledgments to his various friends and brother 
Missionaries, who have kindly aided him in procuring many of the languages 
comprised in this Vocabulary. 

1. The Hebrew part was supplied by his friend the Eev. M. Margoliouth, 
an eminent Hebraist and Eabbinical scholar. 

2. The Syriac by the Eev. Dr. Etheridge, the author of an excellent 
translation of the Syriac N. T. from the Peschito ; and Horce Aramaicse ; &c. 

3. The Arabic, Persian, Modern Greek, and Turkish (in part) were 
promptly and kindly sent me by the well known Assaad y Kayat, the British 
Consul at Jaffa. 

4. The Gothic and Anglo Saxon were gathered by me from the celebrated 
" Codex Argenteus," edited by the learned F. Junius, and accompanied with the 
four Gospels in Anglo Saxon, and a Glossary or Dictionary to the whole : in two 
vols, vellum, published at Amsterdam. 

5. The German by my friend and teacher, Mr. Bernstein, an accurate 
German and Hebrew scholar. 

6. The Swedish,* Danish, and Dutch were procured through a friend in 
London, from competent persons well acquainted with those languages. 

7. The Icelandic has been kindly supplied by a Native of Iceland, J. C. 
Hansen, Esq., of Liverpool. 

8. The Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and French were supplied me, 
through a friend, by well qualified teachers in these several languages. 

9. The Welsh I wrote down from the dictation of my Welsh teacher, Mr. 
Fowkes, of Bangor, North Wales. 

10. The Irish. I regret that I cannot now recollect the friend who kindly 
procured me this Celtic language, but it was evidently supplied by a well qualified 
Irish linguist, and written out in the native character in a beautiful hand. I think 
the friend who procured it for me was Col. Lewis, of Dublin, the well known 
founder and patron of Irish schools for the poor. 

11. The Manx was very kindly supplied me by Archdeacon Drury, Isle of Man. 

12. The Gaelic was got through my friend the Eev. Mr. Leechman, formerly 
Missionary at Serampore, and written out carefully by a learned native of the 
Highlands. I have already quoted his remarks on the language. 

* In revising and completing the Swedish I was kindly and ably assisted by Professor Georgii, of London. 



xif. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 

13. Hungarian and Bohemian, by the late Eev. Dr. Pinkerton, the well known 
and highly esteemed Agent of the B. and F. Bible Society, for many years in 
Russia and Germany. 

14. The Russian and Polish were supplied by two of my friends, Christian 
.lews, natives of Russia and Poland, and well acquainted with the languages. The 
former was the late Mr. J. G. Lazarus, Superintendent of the Liverpool Institution 
for inquiring Jews ; the latter was Mr. Epstein, who passed through the same 
Institution. 

15. The Sanscrit and Bengalli by the late Rev. A. F. Lacroix, an eminent 
and well known Missionary of the London Missionary Society, in Bengal, above 
thirty years. He had few equals in his knowledge of Bengalli and Sanscrit. 

16. The Malay by my friend the Rev. Mr. Werth, a German Missionary 
at Malacca. 

17. The Siamese by my friend the Rev. J. T. Jones, American Baptist 
Missionary, at Bankok, the Capital of Siam. He succeeded Dr. Gutzlaff and myself 
at that station. 

18. The Chinese was supplied by my friend the late Dr. Bridgman, 
American Missionary at Canton, and editor of " The Chinese Repository, in 20 vols." 
The Hokkeen dialect was filled up by myself. 

19. The Japanese by my friend Dr. Williams, American Missionary at 
Canton, (author of several works on the Chinese language,) through the help of a 
native of Japan. 

20. The Tahitian by the Rev. W. Ellis, as previously stated, whose 
interesting remarks on the South Sea Island dialects I have already quoted. 

21. The six African Languages I took in part from a Vocabulary of Six 
East African languages, by Dr. J. L. Krapf, Missionary of the Church Missionary 
Society ; and also from " Polyglotta Africana," by the Rev. S. W. Koelle, 
Missionary of the same Society. 

22. The Esquimaux was procured for me by the Rev. Mr. Mallalieu, of 
Fairfield, from a Moravian Missionary, amongst the Esquimaux. 

23. The Choctaw was furnished by an American Missionary to the Choctaw 
Indians, through the kindness of a friend. 

While this work was passing through the press the Author was promptly 
and efficiently assisted by Mr. Salter, of the " Asiatic Strangers' Home," London, 
in filling up several of the languages, particularly the Turkish, Russian, Coptic, 
and Hindostani. 



I. -GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY. 



x 



English. 


Saxon. 


Gothic. 


Dutch. 


German. 


Swedish. 


Danish. 


Iceland. 




God 

Angel 


eGtO(1 

e angel 


EGrOth 

Eangilus 


EGod 
e engel 


EGott 
e engel 


EGud 
e engel 


EGud 

e engel 






Devil 

h Satan 
h Heaven 


Ediavol 

fsatanas 
fheafen 


daimon 

fsatanas 
fhimins 


e duivel 
fhemelen 


Eteufel 

fsatan 
fhimmel 


e dievful 
fhimmel 


e diavel 
fhimmel 






nHell 


f hell, helle ' 


fhalje 


fhel 


fholle 


fhelvete 


fhelvede 


AUtv^c: 


II. — Domestic 

Relations. 


















Man 


Eman 


e manna 


Eman 


Emann 


Eman 


Emand 


Emann 




Woman 

H Child 

Father 

Mother 

Son 

Daughter 

Brother 

Sister 


cwino, wif 
fcild 
e feeder 
e rno(ter 
ESunu 
e politer 
e brother 
e sweoster 


cwino 

barn 
e atta 
e aithei 
e sunns 
e dauhter 
isbrothar 
e swistar 


Evader 
e moeder 
Ezoon 
e dogter 
Ebroeder 
Ezuster 


frau 
skind 
Evater 
e mutter 
Esohn 
e tochter 
Ebruder 
e Schwester 


bean 

leanabh 
e fader 
Einoder 
Eson 
e dotter 
Ebroder 
e syster 


kone 
barn 
e fader 
Einoder 
Eson 
e dotter 
Ebroder 
Esoster 


e fadftr 

tfsvtr 


A-<M«t- 


III— Government, 
Law, &c. 


















King 


Ecyng,eynig 


Thudans 


skoning 


Ekonig 


Ekommg 


Ekonge 


Ste~***-—c/± j 


Xvf 


Judge 
h Law 
Pen 
Paper 


dema 
flaza, lah 
Epinn 


stana 


Epen 
e papier 


richtcr 
gesetz 
feder 
e papier 


domare 
flag 


dommer 
flov 






IV.— Heavenly 
Bodies. 


















h Sun 
Moon 
Star 
Cloud 
Wind 
Pain 


fsunna 
Emona 

e Steorra 

Ewind 
Erasgen, ren 


fsunno 
Emena 
e stairno 
milhma 
Evinds 
Ei'ign 


Ezon 
Einaan 

e star 

Ewind 
Eregen 


! sonne 
Emond 
e stern 
wolke 
Ewind 
Eregen 


ESOl 

Emeina 
e Stierna 

Evind 
Eregn 


ESOl 

Emaane 
e stierna 

Evind 


E hregg,r^n 


T* 


Thunder 


e thunder 




e donder 


e donner 


e dunder 


e dundren 


^v-v.^ 




Lightning 

Light 

Darkness 


Eliht, leoht 


Elinath 
riquizein 


e ligt 


e blitz 
e leicht 
finsternistz 




eIuisz 


eHo|s 


*7 


V.— Earth and 
its Productions. 


















nThe Earth 
A Hill 
Sea 
Piver 
Water 
Fish 


f eard, eorth 

Ehill 

Esse 

e waster 
Efisc 


fairtha 
bairg 
marei 
aguo 

e wato 
Efisk 


f aarde 

Ehenvel 

Ezee 

Erivier 

e water 

Evisch 


ferde 
e hugel 
Esee 

e wasser 
Efisch 


fiord 

Esio 

Evatten 
Efisk 


fiorden 
bjerg U'6-i 

Esoe 

flod «<* 
Evand 

Efisk 




" 


H7. 


H 7. E29. 


H5. E21. 


H3. E28. 


H 5. E 29. 


H4. E24. 


Hi E24. 


HO. E4. 





II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY. 



Hebrew. 


Arabic. 


Syriac. 


Coptic. 


Persian. 


ffindostani. 


Turkisli. 




EljEloliim 


h Allah 


HAloho 


Nout 


e Khuda 


e Khuda 


h Allah 




malach 


Hmulak 


nmaloko 




frashta 


firishtu 


peri 




sheid 


Eiblis 


akelkorzo,} 
doyovo j 








djin 




satan 


Bsheitan 


fsotono 








Esheitan 




shemaim 


fsama 


Eshemayo 


Ephe 


fasman 


| r asman 


goglar 




gehenem, { 
sheol J 


njehanem 


nshiul 




Hj'ehanen 








adam 


rajul 


e enush, } 
barnosho J 


rem 


Emard 


nadmi 


er, Hadam 




isha 


amrah 


anattho 


Hshime 


zan 


owrut 


ovreit 




yeled 


sabi nwalad 


nyaldo 




pacha 


butchcha 


tchordjut 




abh 


fab 


fabba 


eiot 


Epader 


Epedur 


spedkr 




ehn 


fam 


Hemma 


fman 


smader 


Eiuidar 


nana 




ben 


Habn 


Hbar 


schere 


passer 


bita 


oghlan 




bath 


n abnat 


nbartho 




e dakhter 


nbeti 


keez 




ach 


Hakh 


naeho 


son 


Ebrader 


Ebradur . 


kardash 




achouth 


Hakht 


Hachotho 


sone 


nkhaher 


buhin 


kigkardah 




melech 


nmalek 


nmilk, ) 
Hmalko J 


phouro 


padishah, } 
shah J 


badshah 


padishah 


- 


shophet 


kadi 


dayono 




kadi 


munsif 


mula 


! 
; 


torah 


shariat 


wroitlio 




shariat 








eit 


kalam 


kanio 




kalam 


kulum 


kalem 


i 


naiar 


warak 


kartiso 




kaghed 


kaghur 


kiaghad 


( 


shemesh 


^shams 


fshemesho 


re 


aftab 


Hshums 


gunesh 




yereiach 


kamar 


saharo 


oh, Hyah 


Emah 


chand 


ai 




kokobh 


najm 


nkokab 




e satarah 


b sitara 


yeldis 


| 


anan 


ghaim 


senono 




migh, abr 


ubr 


jaham 




ruach 


Hreeh 


Hrucho 




bad 


ahuwa 


ruzghiar 




matar 


amattar 


Hmetro 




sbaran 


menh 


yagmur 




ram 


araad 


regish, } 
araamo J 




araad, } 
e tlionder J 


guruj 




: 


barak 


abark 


nbarco 




abark 


bijli 






our 


amir 


Hnuharo 




rushni 


ujala 


aidenlik 




choshekh 


zulmat 


aeheshuk 




e tarichie 


undhera 


karanlik 


1 


aretz 


Hard 


j; ara 


pekahi 


zamin 


mitti 


lyar 




har 


jabal 


tur,ramtho 




dagh 


puhar, giri 


dagh 




yam 


baher 


nyanmio 


Hyom 


daria 


bahar 


deniz 




nahar 


anahr 


nnaharo 


iero 


rud,n nahar 


duriya, 


tchai 




maim 


ima 




nmoou 


ab 


pani 


su 




dag 


samac 


nuno 




mahi 


mutchli 


baluk 






H21. E 7. 


H24. E6. 


H 5. E 2. 


H 5. E 12. 


H 5. E 7. 


Hi E 3. 



3 




III.- 


GREEK AND 


» LATIN FAMILY. 


English. 


Hebrew. 


Greek (anct.) 


Greek (mod.) 


latin. 


Italian. 


Portuguese. 




God 

Angel 

Devil 


El,Elohim 

malach 

sheid 


Theos 

e angelos 
b diabolos 


e angelos 
e diabolos 


Deus 
e angelus 
Ediabolus 


Dio 

e angelo 
e diavolo 


Deos 
Eanjo 
e diabo 




Satan 


satan 


g satan 




g SclXclIlclS 


satana 






Heaven 


shemaim 


ouranos 


uranos 


coelum 


cielo 


ceo 




Hell 


gehenem,) 
sheol J 


Hg6enna 


kolasis 


tartarus 


inferno 


inferno 




II.— Domestic 
Relations. 














Man 


adam 


Eanthropos 


e anthropus 


homo 


uomo 


homem 




Woman 


isha 


gune 


gincha 


Efemina 


donna 


mulher 




Child 

Father 

Mother 

Son 

Daughter 

Brother 

Sister 


yeled 

abh 

eim 

ben 

bath 

ach 

achouth 


pais 
e pater 
e mater 

huios 
Ethygater 

adelphos 

adelphe 


pedi 
e patir 
Emitera 

jos 
e thegatera 

adelfos 

adelfi 


infans 

pater 
e mater 

filius 

filia 
Efrater 

soror 


fanciullo 
padre 
Emadre 
figlio 
figlia 
fratello 
sorella 


menino 
pai 
fmai 
filho 
filha 
irmao 
irmaa 




III. -Government, 
Law, &c. 
















King 
Judge 
Law 
Pen 


melech 
shophet 
torah 
eit 


basileus 
dikastes 
nomos 
kalamos 


vasileos 
critis 
nomos 
calamos 


rex 
e judex 
slex 
Epenna 


e giuidice 
Elegge 
penna 


rey 
Ejuiz 
Eley 




Paper 

IV.— Heavenly 
Bodies. 


naiar 


Epapyros, ) 
khartes j 


carti 


e papyrus, 
charta 


Epapiro 
carta J 


Epapel 




Sun 
Moon 


shemesh 
yereiach 


helios 
selene 


ilion 
fenghari 


esoI 
luna 


Esole 
luna 


ESOI 

lua 




Star 


kokobh 


e aster 


e asteron 


e stella, | 
asterus J 


e stella 


e estrella 




Cloud 

Wind 

Rain 

Thunder 
Lightning 
Light 
Darkness 


anan 

ruach 

matar 

ram 

barak 

our 

choshekh 


nephele 

anemos 

brokhe 

bronte 

astrape 

fos 

skotos 


anemos 

vroshi 

vronti 

astrapi 

phos 

scotos 


nubes 
e ventus 

pluvia 
e tonitru 

fulgur 
eIux 

tenebra 


nuvolo 
e vento 

pioggia 
e tuono 

lampo 
Eluce 

tenebre 


nuvem 
e vento 

chuva 

trovao 

relampago 
eIuz 

escuridade 




V.— Earth and 
its Productions. 
















The Earth 

A Hill 

Sea 
River 
Water 
Fish 


aretz 

har 

yam 
nahar 
maim 
dag 


ge 

bounos, } 
oros J 
thalassa 
potamos 
Ehydor 
ikthus 


bouno, | 

oros J 

thalasan 

potami 

nero 

psari 


f terra 
mons 

mare 
e rivus 

aqua 
Episcis 


fla terra 

collina 

mare 
flume 
acqua 
Epesce 


j] tlTtll ct 

montanha 

mar 
Erio 

agua 
Epeisce 








H2. E10. 


E7. 


H2. E18. 


HI. E13. 


H2. E.13. 











IV.-CELTIC FAMILY. 


A 


Spanish. 


French. 


Cornish. 


Welsh. 


Irish. 


Manx. 


Gfaelic. 




Dios 


Dieu 


Deu, Tim 


Duw 


Dia 


Jee 


Dia 




e angel 


Eange 


ail, el 


e angel 


e aingeal 


e ainle 


e aingel 




e diablo 


e diable 


e diaul 


e diafol 


e diabkail 


jony! 


e diabhul 




satanas 


g satan 




fsatan 


f satan 


drogli- ] 
spiryd j 


e satan 




cielo 


ciel 




nef,nefoedd 


Hneamh 


niau 


Hneamh 




infierno 


enfer 




iiffern 


ifrionh 


nurim 


ifrinn 




honibre 


homme 




Hclyn, gwr 


fear 


dooinney 


duine 




mujer 


e femme 




dynes, 1 
gwraig ) 


bean 


ben 


bean 




muchacho 


enfant 


beam 


plentyn 


leanb 


lhiannoo 


lianabh 




e padre 


pere 




tad 


e aitliair 


ayr 


e aitliair 




Emadre 


e mere 




Hmam 


e matliair 


Emoir 


e matliair 




hijo 


fils 




mab 


ceile-fir 


mac 


mac 




hija 


fille 




merch 


ceile-mna 


inneen 


nighean 




hermano 


e frere 




Ebrawd 


Ebratbair 


Ebraar 


Ebraitliair 




hermana 


soeur 




cliwaer 




shuyr 


piuthar 




rey 


roi 




brenhin 


righ 


ree 


righ 




Ejuez 


EJuge 




barnwr 


breitlieamb 


briw 


breitheamh 




Eley 


Elois 




cyfraith 


dligeadh 


fleigh 


flagh 




pluma 


plume 




Epin 


e peanh 




Epean 




Epapel 


e papier 


Epapar 


e papyr 


cairt, } 
e papeir J 




Epaipeir 




esoI 


e soleil 


houl, syl 


haul 


grian 


grian 


grian 




luna 


lune 


luir 


lleuad 


Hgealacli 


eayst 


Hgealach 




e estrella 


etoile 


e steren 


e seren 


realt 


rollage 


reult 




nube 


nuage 


nuibren 


cwmmwl 


neull 


bodjal 


neul 




Eviento 


Event 




e gwynt 


gaoth 


geay 


gaoth 




unvia 


plui 




gwlaw 


feartliam 


fliaghey 


uisge 




Etrueno 


Etonnerre 


h tar an 


Htaran 


toirneach 


taarnagh 


tairneanach 




relampago 


eclaire 




melltennu 


tinteach 


tendril 


dealanach 




eIuz 


lumiere 


gelou 


goleuni 


solus 


soilshey 


solus 




obscuridad 


tenebre 


tulgu 


tywyllwch 


e dorchadus 


e dorraglrys 


e dorchadas 




ala tierra 


sla terre 


gaor, tir 


Hddaear 


andtallamli 


yn, fooir 


amtalamh 




montana 


montagne 


menit, ban 


bryn 


cnoc 


cronk 


cnok, ) 

beinn j 

fairge, muir 




mar 


mer 


mor 


mor 


muir 


cheayn 




Erio 


e riviere 


avon 


afon 




awin 


amhainn 




agua 


eau 


dour 


dwfr 


usige 


uslitey 


usige 




Epez 


Epoisson 


episk 


Epysgod 


Eiasg 


east 


Eiasg 




HI. E 15. 


H2. E15. 


H 2. E 5. 


H5. E9. 


H3. E10. 


H 2. E 6. 


H4. Ell. 





5 






V-SCLAVONIC FAMILY. 




English. 


Hebrew. 


Russian. 


Polish. 


Hungarian. 


Bohemian. 






God 

Angel 

Devil 

Satan 

Heaven 


El,Elohhn 

malach 

sheid 

satan 

shemaim 


Boh 
e anhel 
e diavol 
fshatan 

niebo 


Bog 
e angel 
Edjabel 
f satan 

niebie 


Isten 

e angyal 

ordog 

eg 


Buh 
e angel 
c'ert, d'abl 

nebe 






Hell 


gehenem, ) 
sheol $ 


pekla 


pickla 


pokol 


peklo 






II.— Domestic 
Relations. 


v 














Man 

Woman 

Child 

Father 

Mother 

Son 

Daughter 

Brother 


adam 

isha 

yeled 

abh 

eim 

ben 

bach 

ach 


tchelovick 
zentshine 

batchka 
Ematha 
Esyn 
e dotch 
Ebrat 


czlowick 
kobieta 

oitse 
e matka 
Esin 

zurba 
Ebrat 


ember 

asrszony 

gyermek 

atya 

anya 

fi 

leany 

ferjfitestver 


czlowek 

zjena 

djte 

otec 
e matka 
Esyn 

dcera 
Ebrater 






Sister 


achouth 


Esestra 


e siostra 


notestver 


e sestra 






III.— Government 
Law, &c. 
















King 


melech 


karrol 


krul 


kiraly 


kral 






Judge 

Law 

Pen 


shophet 

torah 

eit 


e sud3^a 
zakon 


sonje 
zakon 


,' ctiro 
Htorveny 
toll 


e saudce 
zakon 
Epero 






Paper 


naiar 






Epapiros 


Epapje 






IV.— Heavenly- 
Bodies. 
















Sun 


shemesh 


slontsa 


e suntsa 


nap 


e slunce 






Moon 


yereiach 


meshets 




hold 


mesyc 






Star 


kokobh 


h'viesda 


giviesda 


csillag 


hwezda 






Cloud 

Wind 

Rain 

Thunder 

Lightning 


anan 

ruach 

matar 

ram 

barak 


oblok 

vietchr 
dozj 
H hrom 
yashni 


oblok 

viater 

dozdj 

gerzjom 

gashnits 


felho 

szel 

eso 

egdorges 

villain 


oblok 

EWJtZ 

dest 
blyzeanj 






Light 


our 


Elegkei 


suiabza 


villagosoag 


swezto 






Darkness 


choshekh 


tchomna 




setetseg 


tma 






V.— Earth and 
its Productions. 
















TheEarth 
A Hill 


aretz 
liar 


zjemla 
H horka 


zemla 
H gurka 


fold 
domb 


swet 
pahrbek 






Sea 
River 
Water 
Fish 


yam 
nahar 
maim 
das: 


mora 
rekah 
Evada 
rib ah 


morzje 
ozjera 
Ewoda 
ribah 


to 
folvo 

J 

viz 
hal 


gezero 
reka 
Ewoda 
rvba 

J 










H3. Ell. 


H2. E9. 


H2. E3. 


HI. E12. 







VI.-SANSCRIT, INDO-CHINESE, & POLYNESIAN FAMILY. 6 



Pali. 


Sanscrit. 


Bengalli. 


Malay. 


Siamese. 


Chinese. 


Corean. 




Devo 


Ishwarah 


Isbwar 


H Allab 


Prab 


Sbin 








dutab 


dut 


H malaikat 


tbewada 


sbinshi 








bhutab 


but 
b sbaytan 


Bsbeitan 




kw6i 
mo kw^i 








swargali 


swarga 


sburga 


sawan 


tien 


hanar 






narakang 


narak 


naraka 


naruk 


ti yob 






puriso 


purusbab 


purusb 


orang 


kbun 


jin, lang 


sa ram 




vanita 


stri 


stri 


perampuan 


pbuying 


fujin 


key tsip 






apatyang 


e cbbeliya 


anak 


luk 


tsr', cbu 


a to-or 




Epita 


Epita 


H bap 


H bapa 


pbo 


Efu, bu pe 


H a pi 




Ematu 


Eniata 


E^ia 


Ima 


im6 


|mu, bo 


H omi 




putto 


putrab 


putra 


anak laki 


luk phuchai 


nan tsr' 


a to-or sa 






kanya 


kanya 


anak perumpuan 


luk phuying 


nii tsr' 


nyo sik 






Ebbrata 


bbai 


sudara 


pTiinnng phuchai 


bing ti 


mat byong (elder) ' 
a a tey (younger) . ' 
mat nu ui tsa 






bbagini 


bbagini 




phinong pliuying 


tsr'mei 


(elder) 
a a nu si mai 
(younger) 




raja 


bbupatih 


raja 


rajab 


pbya mu- 
ongok 


wang, ong 


Enim kum 






prarbibakab 


bickarkarka 


bakim 


talakan 


kwan ti 


kwan won 






bidhib 


byabastha 


undang 


lai kbwam 


liub fab 


pop 






lekbani 


kalam 




pakai 


Epib 


poot 






patrang 


kagaj 


kagas 


kadat 


cbi 


tsyo bui 




ravi 


rabib 


e surjya 


mata bari 


praatbit 


ji^ J 1 * 


nar ir 






somab 


cbandra 


bulan 


pracban 


H yueb, ) 
guib, gwat j 


tar wor 




osadhi 


nakhya- 
trane: 


Etdra 


bintang 


dau 


sing 


pyor 






jaladbarab 


megb 




mek 


yun, yin 


ku rum 




vayam 


bayu 


batas 


angin 


lum 


fung, bong 


par am 




vutti 


barsba 


brisbti 


bujan 


fon 


yii, bou 


pi u 




asani 


garjitang 


meggarjam 


gurub 


fa lann 


lui 


u loi 






bidyuta 


bidyullata 


khilat 


lep 


tien 

1 . 


ponkai 




pubha 


diptib 


alo 


cbbeiya 


rat sa mi 


xwang, } 
kono* j 


pyot 




timi 


timirang 


andhakar 


glap 




o * 

yin, am 


a tukar 




bbumi 


sdharani 


pritbibi 


bumi 


p'hendin 


ti, te 


tta, ti 




pabbata 


girib 


parbbat 


bukit 


p'bukau 


H sban, san 


mois, san 




jalamidhi 


sagarab 


samudra 


laut 


t'bal6 


Ehai 


pata, bai 




nadi 


apaga 


nadi 


sungi 


meinam 


kiang, kang 


moor, kang 




udakam 


panuyang 


jal 


Eaier 


H nam 


sbui, sui 


moor, sya 






minab 


matsya 


ikan 


pla 


yii, gi, bi 


koki, o 




E2. 


HI. E4. 


H3. E5. 


H 5. E. 3. 


H 2. El. 


H3. E4. 


H 2. El. 





7 VI.-POLYNESIAN FAMILY.- 


(Continued.) 


VII 


-AFRICAN 


English. 


Hebrew. 


Japanese. 


Tahetian. 




Kisuaheli. 


Kihiau. 




God 


El, Elohim 




Atua 




Mungu 


Molungu 




Angel 


nialach 




melahi | 










Devil 


sheid 


oni 


diabolo "j" 










Satan 


satan 




satani "j" 




fsetani 


fsetani 




Heaven 


shemaim 


gokuraku 


ao 




uwingu 


mulungu 




Hell 


gehenem, sheol 


djikoku 


po 










II.— Domestic 
















Relations. 


N 














Man 


adam 


shto 


IJci&lEl 




mtu 


e mundu 




Woman 


isha 


onna 


vahine 


- 


mtumke 


e mundu yunam 1 
kongua 




Child 


yeled 


ko 


tama 




mana 


manaje 




Father 


abh 


chichi 


meduatane 




H baba 


dade 




Mother 


eini 


haha 


e meduavaniue 




fmama 


famdo 




Son 


ben 


musko 


tamaidi 




mtoto mime 


manaje yuama- > 
nime r 




Daughter 


bach 


musme 


tamahine 




mtoto manamke 


manaje yuan- 
congue 




Brother 


ach 


anilri (elder) 1 
oto-uto (younger) J 


teina, tuane 




ndiigu 


mlongo 




Sister 


achouth 


ane (elder) ) 
imo uto (younger) j 


tuahine 




ndiigu ma.Tiamke 


mlongo yuan- ) 
kongue 




III— Government, 
















Law, &c. 
















King 


melech 


tenka 


arii 




mfalmi 


ajimuene 




Judge 


shophet 


shensa kuyaku- \ 
nin / 


H haava 




muamsi 






Law 


torah 


hatto 


ture f 




hakki 






Pen 


eit 


fade 


peni j" 










Paper 


naiar 


kami 


pepa f 




waraka 


walaka 




IV.— Heavenly 
















Bodies. 
















Sun 


shemesh 


nichirin 


ra, mahana 










Moon • 


yereiach 


tski 


marama 




mesi 


mesi 




Star 


kokobh 


hoshi 


fetia 




niota 


niota 




Cloud 


anan 


kumu 


Hata 




kiwingo 


lihonde 




Wind 


ruaeh 


kaje 


matai 




pepo 


mb^bo 




Bain 


matar 


ame 


ua 




miua 


mfdlu 




Thunder 


rani 


kaminari 


patiri 




H ngurumu 


mahonde 




Lightning 


barak 


inabikari 


uira 




umeme 






Light 


our 


hikari 


marama- ) 
rama j 




muano;a 


mlangasa 




Darkness 


choshekh 


kurasa 


pouri 




H kisa 


jiro 




V.— Earth and 
















its Productions. 
















TheEarth 


aretz 


chi 


fenua 




nti 


jirambo 




A Hill 


bar 


yama 


e mona 




mlima 1 
mdogo 1 


lihundu 
linandibi 




Sea 


yam 


nada 


miti, tai 




bahari 


mboani 




River 


nahar 


kawa 


anavai 




mto 


liistila 




Water 


maim 


midzu 


pape 




H maji 


messi 




Fish 


dag 


nwo 


ja 




sainaki 


somba 










H3. E2. 




H6. E2. 


H 2. E 3. 







FAMILY. 




VIII -N.AMERICAN FAMILY. 8 


Mendenga. 


Yoruba. 


Kabenda. 


Tumbuctu. 




Esquimaux. 


Choctaw. 




H Alla 


Oloru 


Nzambi 


Yarkui 




Gud f 
engelinskf 


Cbitokaka 
vba hatak 




sintana 


elegba 


kalem pemba 


Eibilis 




deifel j" 
satanus "j" 


sbilombish ok- ) 

fuio ; 
seton 




aridshenne 


orure 


yilu 


aldsbenne 




killak 






Hdshahanama 


oru 


kungkalem 1 
pemba I 


H dsliahanna 




kappijanivik 


ai okpuloka 




ke 


akore 


ibakala 


bar 




angut 


hatak 




muso 


obere 


ndshento 


harkaina 




angnak 
sorufek 


oboyo 
H vlla 




Bfa 


H baba 


tata 


H baba 




atatak 


iki 




na 


iya 


Emama 


nya 




H annana 


iski 




deou 


omakuri 


moani bakala 


isabar 




enngnek 


ushi, iso 




dem-muso 


omabere 


mana ndshento 


isawoi 




pamia 

kattangut 

kattangut 


oshetik 
iti bapishi 
intek 




mansa 


oba 


fumozi 


ameri 




angajokak 

merkoaluk 

angglau- 
tik-seimik 


Hmiko 
cbvcb 
anumpa- 
vch pisa 
isbt holi- 

sochi 
holisso 
tohbi 




tele 


oru 


ntangu 


weine 




likhanek 


hoshi 




karo 


odsu 


ngonda 


bandu 




titbek 


hoshninakaya 


: 












uvboriak 


focbik 












nivujik 


bosbouti 














anore 


mabti 




sanchi 


odso 


mfula 


bana 




sillalik 
kalluk 
kaumalak 

keumajak 


umba 

hiloha 

mvltubha 

towikeli 














tartak 

nunna 

kakkak 

immaksaak 
kok 


okhlill 

yakni 

nonih 

okhvta 
bok 




chi 


H omi 


mazea 


bari 




H immek 


oka 




dere 


edsa 


mfu 


baribam 




halisak 


noni 




H 2. El. 


H2. 


HI. El. 


H 2. El. 




H2. EO. 


H2. EO. 





I. -GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY. 



X 



X 









English. 

Fire 
Gold 
Silver 
Iron 
Tree 
Boot 
H Fruit 

Grass 

Flower 

H Seed 

H Garden 
Town, 
or City 

Bread 

Cake 
Oil 
H Wine , 
Milk 

Honey 

Sugar 
VI.— Animals. 

Horse 

Cow 
H Bull 
H Sheep 

Dog 
H Camel 

Lion 

Tiger 
H Cat 
H Horn, 

Horns 

Wool 

Bird, 
Fowl 

H Crow 
Eagle 
Bat 
Owl 

Egg 

Nest 
Wings 
H Snake 
Serpent 



Saxon. 



fyr 

gold 

e seolfer 



e treo 



Egraes, v ) 
gaers j 



f saed 

h geard-yard, ort- 1 



b geard 

Etun 
Ebreod 

Eael 
f win 
e melee 

e liunig 



Ehors 

ECU 

fsceap, seep 
fgamela 



shorn 

EWlll 



G-othic. 



liuhad 

e silubr 
e eisarn 
Etriu 

akran 

Egras 

bloma 
fraiu 

h gards-yard, 
e aurtigards 

baurgs 

H hlaibs, 
hlaifs 

e alewa 
swein 

milith 



Hll. 



Ebird, 
bridd, 
fugl 

fcrawe 



Eula 

Eaeg 

Enest 

e gehwing 

fsnako 



lamb 
ulband 

fhaum 
fuglo 



H8. E27. 



evuut 
goud 
e zilver 



Evrught 
Egras 



^zaad 
tun 



: brood 



H4. E8. 



Dutch. 



Ekoek 
oly 

gwyn 

Emelk 
konig, 
boning 

e suiker 



Eros 



:koe 



scliaap 



H 
E 

sdog 
Skameel 



?kat 



fhoorn 
ewoI 

vogel 



£kraai 



Euil 

Eei 

Eiiest 



) 



e feuer 

Egold 

e silber 

e iser 
baum 
wurzel 

ffrucht 

:gras 
blume 

£ Sclclu 

Egarten 
stadt 

Ebrot 

Ekuclien 
Eoel 
fwein 
e milch 

honig 

e zucker 



H7. E25. 



German. 



E.ross 
Ekuh 
fbull 
rcsckaf 

hund 
fkamel 
Elowe 
e tiger 
fkatze 
gliom, 

horner 
Ewolle 



vogel 



Swedish. 



Danish. 



E fyr 

Eguld 

e silfer 

Eiar 

Etra 

Erot 

ffrucht 

Egras 

blomma 

fsad 

e ortegard 

stad 



brod 



fkrahe 
adler 
fledermaus 

e eule 

E eg 

Enest 
fliigel 
sclange, 
schnake 



JEfyr 
Eguld 
esoIv 
Eiern 
Etrae 
Erod 
*frugt 



Ekaka 
Eolja 
fvin 
Emiolk 

e hairing 

e socker 



Ehast 

Eko 

fbola 

far 

hund 
Ekamel 
Elevon 
: E tiger 

fhom 
euII 

fogel 

fkraka 

orn 

fliidermus 
e ugla 
E agg^ 
Eiiaste 
Evinge 

orm 



Egraes 

blomst 

fsaed 
E urtegard 

M 

:brod 

gkage 
Eolie 
fvin 
e maelk 

Ehonning 

e sukker 



Ehest 

ko 
ftyr 

faar 

hund 
^kameel 

:love 
e tiger 



t. 



fkat 
fhorn, 
horn 
Euld 

fugl 



Icelandic. 



eldur 

gull 

e silfur 



Eiarn 

e trie 

wodus n^-C. 

avoxtur 
fruJctz 

Egras 



/ 






blomstur 

■ ix a g jtet~oc 
Egardur 

stadur, bfrg 

Ebraj^d 

fkaka 
e olia 

Emjolk 
e hunang 
e sikur 



hestur, iur '■* 
eM 
naut 1^1, 
kind <4cuC%)\. 
hundur 
ulfaldi 
Ijon ; 

fkottur 



E 



- ?horn 



mil 



fugll 



fhrafu Ata^w- 
orn c*^Ci\ 



H 10. E 29. 



H8. E31. 



fkrage 
e orn 

flagermuus' flcedermiis 
e uo;le e uo-la 

Eaeg, leg Eeg^g- 

rede hriohur HnJtiBi 

Evingen, pl.EWoengir 

slange \ & f ^^ 



H9. E32. H4. E21. 



tarn 



Cc& 






u*v 



II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY. 



10 



Hebrew. 


Arabic. 


Syriac. 


Coptic. 

chrom 


Persian. 


Hindostani. 


Turkish. 




esh 


nar 


H eshtho 


H atash 


ag, atesh 


H atesh 




zahabh 


H dahab 


H dahbo 


poub 


H zar 


s6na 


e altun 




kesepk 


fedah 


H keseph 


zat 


nukrah 


chandi 


gumish 




barzel 


hadid 


H pharzello 


benigi 


e ahon 


loha, ahun 


demir 




eits 


shajrat 


ilono 


schen 


durkht 


durukht 


H aghatch 




shoresh 


H shirsh 


ekoro 


pouni 


bikh 


jur, bekh 


kiokh 




peri 


tamar 


ebo 


outah 


mirvah 


phul, meu 


gemish 




deshe, | 
eisev j 


hashish 






Ecah 


Eghas 


6t 




tsits 


tahin 


habobo ] 

shushantho J 


hreri 


darmek 


phul 


H tchitchek 




zera 


H bazr 




dgipsiti 


takhm 


bij 


H bezir 




gan 


bustan 


fgantho 


H ghom 


bustan 


bagh 


baghtche 




ir, or gnir 


madinat 


keritho 


baki 


H chahr 


h sheher, pflra 


sheher 




lechem 


kobz 


lechem 


oik 


nan 


e roti, nan 


ekmek 




matsa, ug 


Ecaak 


geritztho 




calicheh 


Ekak 


borek 




sliemen 


zait 


mescho 


peh 


raughan 


tel, roughan 


yagh 




vain 


khamr 


chemaro 


erp, elp 


sharab 


my, med 


sharab 




chalav 


H halib 


H chelab 


erote, erot 


shir 


dudh 


sut 




devash 


assal 


H debash 


ebio 


anghaheem 


shehd 


bal 






e seckar 


busimo 




e shackar 


cliini, shekker 


e shekier 




sus 


fhussan 


pharosho 


htho 


Eassp 


ghora, esp 


at 




para 


bakrat 


bakro 


bahsi 


EgOW 


Egau, gae 


oghuz 




par 


tawr 


tauro 


ehe 


nargow 


nergau 


tor 




se, tsoun 


ghanam 


emar, nekio 


esoou 


mish 


bher 


kuyun 




kelebh 


H kalb 


H kalbo 


ouhor 


Esag 


kutta, sag 


kiopek 




gamal 


fjenial 


fgamelo 


sdgamoul 




lint 


deveh 




ari 


sabeh 


H ario 


oumoui 


sheer 


sher, singh 


arslan 




kaphir 


fahd 


nemaro 




pulang 


bagh 


pelenk 




ckthul 


ekitta, kut 


gumerro 


shau 


gurbah 


billa, f billa 


eketi 




qeren, qar-) 
naim, pi. J 


fkarn 




tan 


shakh 


sing, kurn 






tsemr 




amro 


sort 




Eoon 


Eyun 




tsipur, ouf 


takmih 


porcho 


halet 


shagunah 


chiriya 


kiish 




qora, orebh 


kak 


nabo 


abok 


zagh 


kawa, kag 


qagah 




nesher 


H nissr 


H neshro 


akhom 


okab, nissr 


ugab 


karah, kiish 




atalepb 


e watwatt 


H atalpha 


gallou 


shuprah 


shub-pur 


ydrsah 




kous 


bumeh 


churbo 




boom 


euIu, abiim 


li kiish 




beitsa 


H bidat 




sooubi 


murgh 


H byza, unda 


yemur tah 




qein 


ush 


matlo 


manouoh 


nisim 


ghonsla 


yuvah 




kanaph 




H kaneph 


tepeh 




pur 


kanadler 




nachash, ) 
. saraph j 




chevio, ) 














tanino \ 


hof 




samp 


ilan 






H 11. E 7. 


H14. E2. 


H 1. E 1. 


H4. E6. 


H 2. E 6. 


H 5. E 5. 





11 



III. -GREEK AND LATIN FAMILY. 



English. 


Hebrew. 


Greek (anct.) 


G-reek (mod.) 


Latin. 


Italian. 


Portuguese. 




Fire 


esh 


Epur 


fatia 


ignis 


fuoco 


fogo 


Gold 


zahabh 


khrusion 


malama 


aurum 


oro 


ouro 




Silver 


keseph 


argurion 


assimi 


argentum 


argento 


prata 




Iron 


barzel 


sideros 


sideron 


ferrum 


ferro 


ferro 




Tree 


eits 


dendron 


dendron 


arbor 


albero 


arvore 




Root 


shoresh , 


briza 


riza 


radix 


radice 


raiz 




Fruit 


peri 


karpos 


sfrutta 


ffructus 


ffrutto 


ffruto 




Grass 


deshe, \ 
eisev j 


khortos 


korton 


gramen 


erba 


herva 
















Flower 


tsits 


antbos 


anthos 


eAos 


Efiore 


Eflor 




Seed 


zera 


sporos 


sporos 


semen 


semente 


semente 




Garden 


gan 


kepos 


kip os 


hortus 


fgiardino 


fjardim 




Town, | 
or City j 


ir, or gnir 


polis 


politian 


oppidum 


e citta 


e cidade 




Bread 


lecheni 


artos 


promi 


panis 


pane 


pao 




Cake 


matsa, ug 


engkru- } 
pbias I 


pita 


placenta 


torta 


bolo 




Oil 


shemen 


elaion 


ladi 


e oleum 


eoHo 


azeite 




Wine 


yain 


Eoinos 


krasi 


fvinum 


fvino 


fvinho 




Milk 


chalav 


Igala 


H ghalas 


lac 


latte 


leite 




Honey 


devash 


meli 


meli 


mel 


miele 


mel 




Sugar 




Ezakari 


Ezakari 


Esaccharum 


Ezucchero 


e azucar 




VI.— Animals. 
















Horse 


sus 


hippos 


aloghos, 
ipos 


equus 


cavallo 


cavallo 




Cow 


para 


boe 


agelas 


vacca 


vacca 


vaca 




Bull 


par 


tauros 


stauros 


taurus 


toro 


touro 




Sheep 


se, tsoun 


probaton 


provaton 


ovis 


pecora 


ovelha 




Dog 


kelebh 


keuon 


skilos 


canis 


cane 


cao 




Camel 


gamal 


skamelos 




gcamelus 


Ecamello 


fcamelo 




Lion 


ari 


nleon 


Eleonidis 


Eleo 


Eleone 


Eleao 




Tiger 


kapliir 




stigris 


e tigris 


Etigre 


Etigi-e 




Cat 


chthul 


fgatos 


fgata 


Meatus 


fgatto 


fgato 




Horn, ) 
Horns, pi. j 


qeren, qar-) 
nairn, pi. J 


fkeras, ) 
kerata j 


fkerata 


Ecomu 


jcoma 


fcornos 




Wool 


tsenir 


ercos 




lana 


lana 






Bird, ) 
Fowl J 


tsipur, ouf 


peteinon 


petinos, ) 
pouli j 


avis 


uccello 


passaro 




Crow 


qora, orebh 


Ekorax 


fkorax 


fcorvus 


fcorvo 


fcorvo 




Eagle 


neslier 


aetos 


aetos 


e aquila 


Eacquila 


Eaguia 




Bat 


ataleph 


nicterix 


nicterix 


vespertilio 


pipistrello 


morcego 




Owl 


kous 


nuktikorax 


glaux 


e ulula 


gufo 






®gg 


beitsa 


oos 


e augho 


ovum 


uovo 


ovo 




Nest 


qein 


Enossia 


folia 


e nidus 


Eiiido 


ninho 




Wings 


kanaph 


pterux 




ala 


ala 






Snake, | 
Serpent J 


nachash, j 
saraph J 


ophis 




eserpens 


fserpente 










H6. E10. 


H5. E8. 


H8. E15. 


H8. E15. 


H7. E13. 











IV.-CELTIC FAMILY. 


12 


Spanish. 


French. 


Cornish. 


Welsh. 


Irish. 


Manx. 


Gaelic. 




fuego 


Efeu 




tan 


teimidh 


aile 


teinne 




oro 


or 


our 


aur 


or 


airh 


or 




plata 


argent 


arghans 


arian 


airgiod 


argid 


airgiod 




Eliierro 


fer 


hoarn 


e haiarn 


e iarunn 


e yiarn 


e iarunn 




arbol 


arbre 


bren 


pren 


crann 


billey 


craobh 




raiz 


racine 


ach 


gwreiddyn 


freumh 


fraue 


freumh 




ffruto 


ffruit 


frech 


fffrwyth 


toradh 


mess 


torradh 




yerba 


herbe 


lousaouen 


porfa 


feur 


fayr 


feur 




Eflor 


Efleur 


eAos 


blawd 


bladli 


blaa 


blath 




semilla 


semence 




had 


por, siol 


H rass 


H siol 




fjardin 


EJardin 


erberau, pi. 


Egardd 


lubgoirt 


H garcy 


fgaradh 




e ciudad 


ville 


H caer 


dinas 


baile, 
cathair 


balle 


bailie, ) 
caithair j 




pan 


pain 


Ebara 


e bara 


aran 


arran 


aran 




torta 


gateau 




teisen 


bairin 


berreen 


breacag 




aceite 


e liuile 


Eoleu 


Eolew 


Eola 


eooiI 


Eola 




fvino 


fvin 


f gwin, win 


fgwin 


ffion 


ffeeyn 


gfion 




leche 


lait 


lait 


llaeth 


bainne 


bainney 


bainne 




miel 


miel 


mel 


mel 


mil 


mill 


mil 




e azucar 


e sucre 




e sawgr 


e siucra 


e sugar 


e sugair 




caballo 


cheval 


keflyl, | 
marcb J 


ceffyl 


capul 


cabbyl 


each 




vaca 


vache 


biuh 


buwh 


bo 


boa 


bo 




toro 


taureau 


taro 


tarw 


tarbh 


tarroo 


tarbh 




oveja 


mouton 




dafod 


caoradh 


keyrrey 


caora 




perro 


chien 


kei, ki 


ci 


madash 


moddey 


cii, pi. coin 




e camello 


fchameau 




cawr fil 


fcammull 




fcamhal 




Eleon 


Elion 


Eleu 


Ellew 


Eleomhan 


Elion 


e leomhan 




Etigre 


e tigre 




dywalgi 


fiocmairg 


e tiger 


Etiogair 




Igato 


fcliat 




fcath 


e cat 


E CRt 


? catt, pi. coitt 




fcuerno 


ecornes 




fcyrn 


aaharca 


seairkyn 


adhaircean 




lana 


laine 


glawn 


e gwlan 


e olunn 


e ollan 


e ollum, olan 




polio 


oiseau 




aderyn 


ean 


ushag 


eun, pi. eoin 




fcuervo 


fcorneille 


vran 


bran 


preachan 




feannag 




e aguila 


e aigle 


er 


eryr 


iolar 

• 1 i 1 


urley 


jolair 




murcielago 


crosse 


hishomet 


ystlum 


laltog-le- | 
thair J 


craitnag 


jaltag 




lechuza 


hibou 




dylluan 


tulchabh-j 
chan J 


e hullad 


cailleach-} 
oidhche J 




huevo 


oauf 


oi, Eoye 


wy 


EUgll 


euIi 


ubh 




Enido 


Enid 


e neid 


Enyth 


Enead 


idd 


Enead 




alas 


ailes 




esgyll 


sciathain 


skianyn 


sgiathaib 




culebon 


f serpent 


bref, fsarf 


esarf 


biorbhvaf 




nathair 




H 7. E 15. 


H 8. E 16. 


H3. E8. 


H6. E13. 


H 3. E 10. 


H5. Ell. 


H5. Ell. 





13 






V-SCLAVONIC FAMILY. 




English. 


Hebrew. 


Russian. 


Polish. 


Hungarian. 


Bohemian. 






Fire 


esk 


akon 


tckeplak 


tiiz 


oken 






Gold 


zakabk 


e zolta 


z'lota 


arang 


zlato 






Silver 


kesepli 


b sirebra 


b s'rebra 


eziist 


strjbro 






Iron 


barzel 


zalozak 


z'liazak 


vas 


zelezo 






Tree 


eits 


tdereva 


drejevak 


fa 


strom 






Root 


skoresk 


koren 


korzjen 


gyoker 


koren 






Fruit 


peri 


ffrukt 




gyiinmoles 


owoce 






Grass 


deske, 

eisev 


trava 


trovak 


fii 


trawa 






Flower 


tsits 


H tswi6t 


H tswiat 


virag 


kwet 






Seed 


zera 






mag 


H semeno, } 
zrno J 






Garden 


gan 


karod 


grodje 


Ekert 


zakrkacla 






Town, | 
or City J 


ir, or gnir 


korod 


rniasta 


vdros 


mesto 






Bread 


leckern 


H hlieb 


H cklibia 


keny6r 


H ckleb 






Cake 


matsa, ug 


pirok 




kalacs 


kokic 






Oil 


skemen 


Bolie 




e olaj 


Eoley 






"Wine 


yain 


avina 




dor 


eWJUO 






Milk 


ckalav 


b rnalaka 


Ernileko 


tej 


Emleko 






Honey 


devask 


miodk 


rnedk 


m6z 


med 






Sugar 








Ecukor 


e cukor 






VI.— Animals. 


' 














Horse 


sus 


losked 


kona 


lo 


kun 






Cow 


para 


karova 


krova 


tcken 


krawa 






Bull 


par 


bukai 


bik 


dika 


byk 






Sheep 


se, tsoun 


ovtsa 


ovyets 


tuk 


owce 






Dog 


kelebk 


sabaka 


pi6s 


kutya 


pes 






Caniel 


ganial 






tcre 


welsland 






Lion 


ari 


Elevk 




orozlam 


Elew 






Tiger 


kapkir 


e tirak 


e tigra 


e tigris 


e tigris 






Cat 


cktkul 


koskka 


koska 


niackska 


koika 






Horn, ) 
Horns, J 


qeren, qar-j 
naim, pi. j 






szarvak 


roky 






Wool 


tsemr 


Bvolna 




gy a pj u 


Eulna 






Bird, j 
Fowl j 


tsipur, ouf 






niadar 


ptak 






Crow 


qora, orebk 






varju 


furana 






Eagle 


nesker 






sas 


oxel 






Bat 


atalepk 






denever 


netopkyr 






Owl 


kous 






dagoly 


sowa 






Egg 


beitsa 






tojas 


H wegce 






Nest 


qein 


Egnizdo 




fezek 


kujzdo 






Wings 


kanapk 






szarnyak 


krjdla 






Snake, j 
Serpent J 


nackask, ) 
sarapk J 






csiga 


slimak 










H 4. E 10. 


H 2. E 3. 


E4. 


H 5. E 8. 







VI— SANSCRIT FAMILY. 


VII-CHINESE 


FAMILY 


M 


Pali. 


Sanscrit. 


Bengalli. 


Siamese. 


Chinese. 


Corean. 


Japanese. 




aggi 


agnih 


agun 


sfai 


h<5 


spur, bwa 


hi 




suvannam 


swarnang 


sona 


t'bong 


kin, kim 


soi 


kin 






raupyang 


riipa 


ngiin 


ym, gin 


un 


gin 




Bayam 


laubab 


loba 


lek 


tieb, tiet 


soi 


tetsu 




rukkho 


e taruh 


brikbya 


ton 


sbu, si 


na mo 


ki 




mulam 


miilang 


sbikar 


rak 


kan, kin 


A 1 A • 

purbui 


ne 




plialam 


pbalang 


pbal 


Kik mai 


kwo, ko 


kwa sir 


mi 






trinang 


gbas 




tsau, cbau 


p'bur 


kusa 




ambrijam 


pulipang 


Epbul 


dok 


bwa 


kot, bwa 


bana 




andam 


bijang 


bij 


met-nai 


cbung 


Essi 


tane 






H udganang 


H bagan 


siian 


lyuen 


tong san 


batake 






H nagarang 


sbabar 


muong 


cbing, seng 


syong 


kobori 






pisbtakang 

H misbtan- T 

nang J 


Eruti 
H mitbai 


k'bau- } 
hnom J 


mien pau, ) 
bin pau J 
ping, peng 


mantu 
stok 


mucbi 
kwasbi 




telam 


tailang 


tel 


H n4m man 


Eyiu 


ki rum 


abura 






drakbya- j 
rasab J 


madira . 




tsiu, cbiii 


sur 


budosbi 




payam 


dugdbang 


dudb 


ndm nom 


jii, ju, leng 


t'hulak 


cbicbi 




madbu 


madbu 


niau 




mih-tang, bit ) 
hong J 


skur 


bacbi mitsu 




e sakbara 


sita 


cbini 


nam-oi 


tang 


satang 


sato 




fasso 


fasbwab 


gbonra 


ma 


ma, be 


mar 


'mma 






e gob 


Egaru 




niu, gu. 


syo 


me usbi 






brisbab 


enriya 




• A 1 A 

niu, eku 




o usbi 






mesbab 


garar 


H ke 


yang 


yang 


bitsuji 






kuk kurah 


kukur 


bma 


kiuen, kau 


kai 


ino 




ottho 


usbtrab 


ut 


ut'b 


lobto 


yaktai 


ak da 






H keshari 


singb 


raja si 


sz' 


satsai 


shi sbi 




vyaggbo 


byagbra 


bagb 


sua 


bu, bou 


pom 


tora 






marjarab 


biral 


hl6w 


miau 


koi 


neko 






sbringang 


sbing 


k'baw 


kiob, kiok 


spur 


tsuno 






urna" 


mesblom 




mien 








sakuno, pi. 


pakbyi, ) 
murag J 


pakbi ) 
murag ) 


nok 


niau 


sai, tarke 


tori 






H kakab 


H kak 


ke 


wuya 


kamakoi 


fkarasu 






utkrosbab 


domcbil 




ying 


suri 


H wasbi 








cbamcbika 


kang-kbau 


fisbu 


p'byon pok 


ko muri 






pechakab 


pencbd 


h k'haw-meaw 


miau ur tau ying 


hyu, otpa 


fukurou 






dimbang 


dim 


kbai 


tan 


ar 


tamago 






Enitang 


basd 


rang 


cb'au 


kit tu rir 


su 






pakbyab 


pakha. 


pik 


yib 


nar kai 


hane 




ahi 


fsarpab 


I sap 


ngu. 


sbe 


pai yam 






HI. E 3. 


H7. E5. 


H4. E4. 


H3. El. 


HI. E3. 


E2. 


H2. El. 





15 




VIM-POLYNESIAN F. 


IX.^ 


-AFRICAN 


English. 


Hebrew. 


Malay. 


Tahetian. 




Kisuaheli. 


Kihiau. 




Fire 


esh 


api 


auahi 




motto 


motto 




Gold 


zahabh 


amas, mas 


auro | 




b dahabu 


H dahabu 




Silver 


keseph 


perek 


ario | 




fida 






Iron 


barzel 


bisi 


auri f 




jiima 


jiima 




Tree 


eits 


pohun 


e raau 




mti 


Emt6ra 




Root 


shoresh 


akhar 


aa 










Fruit 


peri 


buah 


maa 




tiinda 


tiinda 




Grass 


deshe ) 
eisev } 


rumput 


matie 




janni 


H miassi 




Flower 


tsits 


bunga 


tiare 




ua 


Eliia 




Seed 


zera 


bini 


huero 




mbeu 


mbeu 




Garden 


gan 


kobung 













Town \ 
or City J 




IT " 


* J_ 




m # 


m m 




ir, or gnir 


negri 


oire J 




mji 


muji 




Bread 


lechem 


Broti 


farawa "j" 




mukate 






Cake 


matsa, ug 




farawa ) 














momona j 










Oil 


shemen 


minyak 


mari 




mfdcla 


mabiida 




Wine 


yain 


angur 


wina "j" 










Milk 


chalav 


A A 

susu 


u 




massiwa 


likama 




Honey 


devash 


gula 


meli j" 




asaliyani) 
oki j 






Sugar 




gulaleba 


to 




Esokari 






VI.— Animals. 
















Horse 


sus 


kuda 


buaa ha- | 
rofenua j 
buaa-taro 




ferasi 


ferasi 




Cow 


para 


lumbu 




gnombe rake 


gnombe 




Bull 


par 


lumbfljan-tan 


H pae 




gnombe fahali 


gnombe-mn^nTne 




Sheep 


se, tsoun 


domba 


mamoe 




kond6 


kondolo 




Dog 


kelebh 


anjing 


uri 




jiboa 


mbua 




Camel 


gamal 


onta 












Lion 


ari 


singa 


liona | 




simba 


simba 




Tiger 


kaphir 


harimu 


tigera "J* 










Cat 


chthul 


kuching 


uri ptifare 




paka 


jome 




Horn, \ 
Horns, } 


qeren, qar-{ 
naim, pl.j 


tanduk 


tara 




pembe 


mbembe 




Wool 


tsemr 


eduIu 






laika 


litorje 




Bird, I 
Fowl j 


tsipur, ouf 


burung \ 
aiam ) 


manu, 
moa j 




nuini, 
kuku 


jiuni, \ 
ngiigu J 




Crow 


qdra, orebh 


H gagak 












Eagle 


nesher 


raja wala 


aeto "j" 










Bat 


ataleph 


burungtikus 












Owl 


kous 


pongok 












Egg 


beitsa 


telur 


huero-moa 




i 


liyere 




Nest 


qein 


sarang 


ofaa-raa 










Wings 


kanaph 


saip saiap 






mbdwa, pi. 


mokono yaninni s. 




Snake, 
Serpent 


nachash, 


ular 






fnioka 


H li6ka 




saraph 


















H2. E2. 


HI. El. 




H2. Ei 


H3. E2. 





FAMILY. 



Mandenga. 



ta 

sani 



nere 

koloma 

sila 



nono 
li 



H 



Toruba. 



so 

nisbi 
tura 

ulu 

dsada 

nyari 



e sisi, ^rono 



mo 



Bin 



igi 
egbogi 



woara 
Eonyi 



ezi 



malu 
ako malu 

adsa 

keneou 

ese 



e adie, H eye 



kili 



fsa 



Kabenda. 



mbazu 
wola 

lukanda 

nti 

lunganzi 



Tumbuctu. 



mine 
wura 

gurbibi 

bundu 

lindsi 



X.-N. AMERICAN FAMILY. 16 



cb'siali 
nose 



kavalu 
nkombe 

nkombe mbakola 



enyi 



edso 



HI. El. HI. E2 



mboa 



dsingumboa 



waya 



Enzuzu, 
H nuni 



wa 

A 

bari 

eIlou 
bou har 

bansbi 

gun 

rnushi 



e gorongo 
H cbirou 



h: 



idso 



nyoka 



H2. El. 



gungurie 



ganda- 
karfu 



El. 



Esquimaux. 



ikkomamik 

goldenik j" 

silberemikf 
kikkik 
nappartok 
mimmek 
paunganek 

perovinb 

rosemik | 

penonsejek-sak 

perorscoik 
iggluka 
seksuit 
kakojamik 



orsuk 

weinemik "f" 
immuk 

igubsanb 

sugar mikf 

kiogak 

cowamik j" 
bullemik f 
saugak 
kingmek 



Choctaw. 



luak 

toli liolis- 
so lakna 
toli hota 

toli mantobu 

H ite 
itak sbisb 
oni 

buthuk 

na pakanli 
nibi 
osap usbi 

to maba 

poska 
poska 
cbampuli 
vila 

oka hauvsko 
pishukkchi 

foe bila 

hopi champuli 



puse 
nuvujet 

ting mijak 
nerforalik 



mannek 
iglo 



HO. EO. 



isuba 

wagtek 
wak nakne 

chukveb. poa 

ofi 

koi cbito 
koi 

fkoto 

tvfisb 



busbi 

fola 
osi 

balambisba 
opa 

osbi lobunshi 

vcb, piebik 
sanacbi 



H2. E2. 



17 



I. -GOTHIC AND SAXON FAMILY. 



English. 


Saxon. 


Gothic. 


Dutch. 


German. 


Swedish. 


Danish. 


Icelandic. 




Frog 


Efroga 






e frosch 


groda 


e frosse 


Efreya />***& 


^tJitjm 


Bee (honey) 


Ebeo 




Ebye 


Ebiene 


sbij 


Ebie . 


bilfluga ty 


0*j 


VII.— Weapons, 
&c. 


















Bow 


Ebugan 


9 


sboogen 


Ebogen 


Ebage 


Ebiie 


E *>ogi .„ 
eoi% c~} 




Arrow 


e arewa 






pfeil 


pil 


pil 




Sword 


e sword 




e zwaard 


e schwert 


e svard 


sabels svard 


e sverd 




Shield 


e scyld 




e schild 


e schild 


e skold 


Eskjold 


Eskjoldur 




VIII. — Agricultu- 


















ral Implements. 


















Plough 


Eploge 




Eploeg 


EpfLug 


Eplog 


Eplov,ploug 


Eplog 




Knife 


Ecnif 






messer 


Eknif 


Ekniv 


Ehnifur 




Axe 


Eaex, eax 


e aqizi 




Eaxt, beil 


Eyxe 


Eoxe 


e'ox/ $7 




Saw 


Esaga 




Ezaag 


Esage 


e saga 


Esaug 


ESOg 




Cart 


Ecraet, crat 






Ekarre 


Ekarra 


Ekarre 


wagn 




Wheel 


Ehweol, ) 
hweogl J 




Ewiel 


rad 


eMuI 


eIijuI 


Ehjol 




IX.— Members of 


















the Body, &c. 


















Head 


Eheafotf, ) 
hefed 1 


haubith 


e hoofd 


Ehaupt, \ 
kopf J 


e hufoud 


shoved 


EhofFud fu>\ 
s 7H 


r £*.^M 


H Eye, eyes 


e eag, s., eah 


fauga 


!oog 


J auge, augen 


foga 


f oine 


Oju^I^ C ***-&' 


- 


Mouth 


Einuth 


Emunths 


Emond 


Emund 


Eniun 


e mund 


e niunnur 




H Face 




andauleiz, } 
ulits J 




gesicht 


ansigte 


ansigt 


COlA-tLlAst— 




H Hair 


shaer 




|hair 


fhaar 


fhar 


fhaar 


fhar 




Ear 


e ear, eare, auso, 1 
ausona, pi. J 


H auso 


Eoor 


Eohr 


Eora 


Eore 


Eeyra 




Tongue 


Etung 


EtUggO 


Etong 


e zunge 


e tunga 


e tunge 


e tunga 


1 


Nose 


Eiiose, nase 




Eneus 


Enase 


Eiiase 


Eiraese 


Enef ' 




Lip, lips 


Elippa,lippe 




Elip 


Elippe 


Eliipp 


Elippe 


^arir if J 


vir7 


H Hand, | 
Hands } 


Ehand,hond 


fhandus 


ahand 


fhand, j 
hoende, pi. J 


fhand 


fkaand, ) 
hinder, pl.j 


fhond 




Foot, feet 


Efot 


E fotus, ) 
fotuns J 




EfllStZ, ] 

fiistze, pl.j 


Efot, fotter 


e fod, fodder 


e fotur 




Flesh 


Bflaec,flaesc 


leik 


e vleisch 


Efleisch 


kott 


Eflesk, kjod 


kjet 




Blood 


Eblod 


e bloth 


Ebloed 


e blut 


Eblod 


Eblod 


Eblod 




Bone 


Eban 




Ebeen 


knocken 


Eben 


Ebeen 


Ebein 




X— Dwellings, 


















Furniture, &c. 


















House 


eIius 


gards, hus 


e huis 


Ehaus 


Ehus 


eIiuus 


Ehiis 




Door 


e dora, dur 


e daur 


e dera- 


e thiir 


Edor 


Edor 


Edyr 




Chair 








stuhl 


stol 


stol 


stoll rv 
soeng {f-cdfi 




H Bed 


abed 


f bad, ligr 


ted 


fbett 


sang 


seng, Ebed 


•_ 


H Cup 


scop, cupp 




fkop 


beher 


fkopp 


fkop 


bikari . /{^ 


h 


XI.— Time, &c. 


















Year 


Egear 




E jaar 


Ejahr 


Ear 


Eaar 


Ear 




Month 


Emonath 


Enienath 


e rnaund 


Einonat 


e rnanad 


e maaned 


e rnanudur 




Week 


Eweoc 




Eweek 


Ewoche 


Evecka 


EUge 


"ttxiKH" 




H6. 


H5. E32. 


H 4. E 10. 


H5. E26. 


H 4. E 27. 


H4. E28. 


H4. E31. 


H2. E24. 





II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY. 



18 



Hebrew. 


Arabic. 


Syriac. 


Coptic. 


Persian. 


Hindostani. 


Turkish. 




tsepharda 
debora 


ghok 


H urdeeo 
H deburtha 


chrour 


ghuk 
H zanbur 


menduk 

shuhd kimukhi 


qurbaghah 
ari 




qesbetb 
cheits 
cherebh 
magein 


H kawss 
nishab 
sif 
tarss 


H keshtho 
mashdo 

H chareb 
sakar 


sothpef 

sen 

shebshi 


caman 
tir 

shamshir 
supur 


sulam 
tir 

tulwar, shumshir 
dhal, sipur 


yai 
ok 

shish 
qalkan 




cbarasb 

sakim 

qardom 

massur 

agala 


sikat 

H sikin 

fass 

minshar 
arabach 


korubo 

norag 
nosero 
marchabtho 


hobi 

kelebip 
H bashour 


ghabazeh 

card 

tarber 

arra 

arabeh 


hul 
chhuri 
kulhari 
ara 

Igari 


sapan 

bichaq 

baltah 

desterah 

arabah 




aufen 


ajleli 


e gigallo 




charkh 


pichiya 


tekarlek 




rash 


H ras 


H rish 


ape 


sar 


sir 


H bash 




oiyen, oinion 

pe 


finein 
fim 


fainin, pi. 
pum 


bal 
ro 


chashem 
oahan 


H ankh 

muni, mukh 


guz 
aghz 




panim 


wajeh 


faphe 


ho 


rui 


mun, 
mukh 


yuz 




sear 

azen,im,pl. 

lashon 

sapha, tim, pi. 


fshaar 

H eden 

H lissan 

anf 
H shife 


fsaro 
H edno 
H leshon 
nechiro 

pum, sepheth 


mashgd 
aspi 
shai 
H sephotou 


mawie 

gush 

zaban 

bini 

bini 


bal, mu 
kan, gosh 
jibh, zuban 

Enak 

Elub 


sach 

qullaq 

dil 

burun 

dudaqler 




yad, _ | 
yadaim J 


fyaden 


fyad 


toot, tot 


dast 


fhath, dust 


al 




regel, im 


H rejil 


H regel 


let, rat 


pah 


paon 


ayaq 




basar 

dam 

etsem 


lahem 
H dam 
H adm 


H basar 
H dem 
gerem 


spof 
kas 


ghust 
khun 
astakhnan 


gosht, luhm 
e luhu, kMii 
huddi , mtiikhwan 


lahm 

qan 

kemuk 




baith 

deletb 

kise 

mitte 

kous 


H bait 

bab 
H kersi 

parshat 

H cass 


H baitho 
t'ra 

mautab 
ganuno 

fkos 


ei 
ro 

ghlogd 
aphot 


khaneh 

Edar 

H chuchie 
pulangh 
pialeh 


ghur 

Edur 

H kursi 
bichouna 
piala, kasu 


ev 

qapu 
iskemle 
dushek 
qadah V' 




shana 
chodesh 

shevfia 


H sinat 
shahr 
jemhat 


H shano 
yarach 
H shabo 


rompi 
abot 


sal 
Emah 
H haftah 


bunas, sal, sun 
e muliina, mas 

H hufta 


H sinet 

ai 
H haftah 






H16. E3. 


H 18. E 6. 


H2. 


H3. E2. 


H5. E8. 


H3. 





19 




III- 


GREEK AND 


LATIN FAMILY. 


English. 
Frog 

Bee (honey) 


Hebrew. 


Greek (anct.) 


Greek (mod.) 


latin. 


Italian. 

grillo 
pecchia 


Portuguese. 




tsepharda 
deb6ra 


batrakos 
rnelissa 




rana 
apis 




VII.— Weapons, 
&c. 
















Bow 
Arrow 
Sword 
Shield 


qesheth 
cheits 
cherebh v 
magein 


toxon 
belos 
H machaira 
thureon 


tozon 
velos 
spathi 
aspis 


arcus 
sagitta 
gladius 
clypeus 


arco 
freccia 
spada 
scudo 


arco 
frecha 
espada 
escudo 




VIII.— Agricultu- 
ral Implements. 
















Plough 
Knife 
Axe 
Saw 
• Cart 
Wheel 


charash 

sakim 

qardom 

massur 

agala 

aufen 


H arotron 

machairon 
e axine 

pri6n 

amaxa 

trochos 


e arotron 
masheri 

e azimos 
pirgioni 
amaxa 
trokos 


H aratrum 
culter 

e ascia 

H serra 

e carrus 
rota 


H aratro 
coltello 

Eazza 

Esega 

e carretta 
ruota 


H arado 

faca 

machado 
H serra 
H galera 

roda 




IX.— Members of 
the Body, &c. 
















Head 


rash 


kephale 


kefalos 


caput 


testa 


cabeca 




Eye, eyes 


oiyen, } 
oinion J 


opthalmos 


matin 


oculus,i,pl. 


occhi, pi. 


olhos 




Mouth 

Face 

Hair 

Ear 

Tongue 

Nose 


pe 

panim 
sear 

azen,im,pl. 
lashon 


stoma 
pros6pon 
thrix 
ous otes 
H glossa 


stoma 
prosopon 
mali 
oti 
e glossa 
miti 


OS 

Efacies 
coma 

e auris 
lingua 

Enasus 


bocca 
ffaccia 

capelli 
e orecchia 

lingua 
e naso 


boca 
cara 

cabello 
e orelhas 
lingua 
nariz 




Lip, lips 

Hand, ) 
Hands J 


sapha, } 
tim, pi. J 
yad, > | 
yadaini J 


kheite, pi. 
kheir 


shilos 
sheri 


e labium 
manus 


e labbro 

niano, \ 
mani J 


beico, j 
bei§os i 
mao, | 
niaos, pi. ) 




Foot, feet 

Flesh 
Blood 
Bone 


regel, im 

basar 

dam 

etsem 


Epous, | 
podes, pi. J 
H sarx 
H aima 
H osteon 


Epodari 

krias 
Eema 
cokalon 


Epes, 
pedes, pi. 
carnis 
sanguis 

OS 


Epiede,piedi 

came 
sanffue 

osso 


Epe, pes 

came 

sangue 

osso 




X.— Dwellings, 
Furniture, &c. 
















House 

Door 

Chair 

Bed 

Cup 


baith 

deleth 

kise 

mitte 

kous 


doina 
e thura 
kathedra 
krabaton 
poterion 


spiti 
porta 
kathedra 
krevate 
fkuppa 


domus 

ostium 

cathedra 

lectus 

poculum 


e casa 
porta 

H sedia 
letto 

fcoppa 


Ecasa 
porta 
cadeira 
leito 
taca 




XI.— Time, &c. 
















Year 

Month 

Week 


shana 

chodesh 

shevua 


eniautos 
Emen 
hebdomas 


kronos 
Emini 
evdomada 


H annus 
Emensis 
hebdomada 


H anno 
mese 
settimana 


H anno 
mes 
somana 








H6. E4. 


H4. E4. 


H 4. E 8. 


H 5. E 10. 


H 4. E 3. 











IV.-CELTIC FAMILY. 


20 


Spanish. 


French. 


Cornish. 


Welsh. 


Irish. 


Manx. 


Gaelic. 




rana 


grenouille 


kranag, gnilkin 


llyffant 


cnadan 




losgaim 


abeja 


abeille 




gwenyn 


e beach 


shellan 


e beachan 




arco 


arc 




Ebwa 


Eboghth 


Evhow 


Ebogha 




necha 


fleche 


Earv 


H saeth 


soighead 


side 


saighead 




espada 


epee 


cledha, gledh. 


cleddyf 


cloideamb 


cluve 


klaidliamh 




escudo 


£cu 




tarian 


sgiath 


scape 


sciath 




H arado 


H charrue 


H ardar 


H aradr 


ceachda 


kiaght 


crann-araidh 




cuckillo 


couteau 




cyllell 


H sgiam 


H skyn 


H skian 




e hacha 


cognee 




buyall 


tuagh 


teigh 


tuadh 




H sierra 


Escie 




llif 


toiriosg 


e saaue 


Esabh 




e carro 


e cbarrette 




trol 


e cairt 




e cairt 




rueda 


roue 


roz 


olwyn 


roithlean 


e queeyl 


roth, cui&hle 




cabeza 


tete 


ben 


pen 


ceann 


kione 


ceann 




ojos 


Eoeil, | 
yeux, pi. ) 




llygaid 


svlibh 


suillyn 


suilean 




boca 


bouclie 


ganou 


ceg~ 


beul 


beeal 


beul 




efaz, haz 


fface,visage 


e las 


gnyneb 


eadon 


eddin 


aodann 




cabello 


cbeveu 




gwalt 


gruag 


folt 


fait 




Eorejas, pi. 


Eoreilles,pl. 




clustian 


cluasa 


cleayshyn 


cluas, cluasaibli, 1 
pi. ) 




lengua 


langue 


tavas 


tafod 


e teanga 


chengay 


e teanga 




nariz 


Enez 


frigau 


trwyn 


sron 


stroin 


sron 




e labio, ) 
labios, pi. J 


e levre, | 
levres J 




gwefl, } 
gweflau j 


prisin 


meil, 
meillyn 


bil, bilean 




mano, ] 
manos j 


. 




Haw, } 
dwyllaw J 


lamh, 


lane, 


laimh, } 
lamhan j 




main 




lamha 


laneyn 




Epie, pi6s 


Epied 


Epaw 


troed,traed 


cos, cosa 


cass,cassyn 


cos, } 
cosaibh j 




carne 


chair 


kig 


cig 


feoil 


feill 


feoil 




sangue 


sang 




gwaed 


foil 


fuill 


fuil 




hueso 


OS 


H asgarn 


H ysgyrn 


craimh 


craue 


cnamh 




Ecasa 


maison 


H bod, trev 


ty' 


tigh 


thie 


tigh 




puerta 


porte 


jannues,pl. 


Edrws 


Edorus 


e dorrys 


e dorus 




silla 


H chaise 


e cadar 


e cader 


e cathaoir 




e cathar 




cama 


lit 




gwely 


leaba 


lhiabbu 


leaba 




i taza 


tasse 


anneth 


fcwpan 


sgala, cupan 


jfcappan 


Jcupan, o6rn 




H aiio 


H an 


bledhan 


blwyddyn 


bliaghain 


blein 


bliana 




mes 


mois 


mis 


mis 


mi 


mee 


mios 




semana 


semaine 




wythnos 


seachdmuin 


shiaghtin 


siachdiun 


i 


j H 4. E 7. 


H 5. E 8. 


H4. E4. 


H4. E4. 


HI. E 6. 


H 2. E 5. 


H2. E8. 





21 






V-SCLAVONIC FAMILY. 




English. 


Hebrew. 


Russian. 


Polish. 


Hungarian. 


Bohemian. 






Frog 

Bee (honey) 


tsepharda 
debora 


liagushka 
pchela 


zaba 
pszezota 


deka 
meh 


zeba 
ucela 






VII.— Weapons, 
&c. 
















Bow 


qesheth 


paklon 


proca 


iv 


lucistse 






Arrow 
Sword 
Shield 


cheits x 

cherebh 

magein 


straita 

mech 

zashtzita 


strzata 
patasz 
tarcza 


nyil 
Ekard 
paizs 


strjlka 

mec 

stjt 






VIII.— Agricultu- 
ral Implements. 
















Plough 

Knife 

Axe 

Saw 

Cart 

Wheel 


charash 

sakim 

qardom 

massur 

agala 

aufen 


splug 

nosj 

sikera 

pita 
H kalosi 

kol 


e plug 
noza 
tapor 
pita 

H kolosi 

koles 


ekevas 

kes 

fejsze 

furesz 

targonca 

kerek 


krogidlo 
nuz 
serera 
pjlka* 
fkara 
kolo, 
koleso 






IX. -Members of 
the Body, &c. 
















Head 


rash 


holova 


glova 


fo 


stlawa 






Eye, eyes 

Mouth 

Face 

Hair 

Ear 
Tongue 

Nose 


oiyen, 1 

oinion J 

pe _ 

panim 

sear 

azen,irn,pl. 

lashon 


otchi 

roth 
litsa 
volosa 
uxi 

yezik 
Enos 


otsi 

rotshe 
tvarjz 
v'losi 
wxo 
yenzik 
Enos 


szemek 

szaj 

ari, abzarat 
Ehaj 
fiilek 
nyelr 
orr 


oci 

usta 
twar 
ulas 
usi 

garyk 
euos 






Lip, lips 


sapha, ) 
tirn, pi. J 


huba, hubi 


gemba 


ajak, ajkak 


pisk, pisky 






Hand, j 
Hands j 
Foot, feet 
Flesh 
Blood 
Bone 


yad, _ 

yadaim 

regel, im 

basar 

dam 

etsem 


ruka, i. 

noha, i. 
rniaso 
kroff 
kost 


renka, i. 

noga, i. 
skora 
krew 
kosc 


kez, kezek 

lab, labak 
hus 
ver 
csont 


ruka, ruky 

noha, nohy 
H maso 
kxew 
koss 






X.— Dwellings, 
Furniture, &e. 
















House 

Door 

Chair 

Bed 

Cup 


baith 

deleth 

kise 

rnitte 

kous 


dom 
dvel 
stul 

pashetia 
H chasha 


dom 

drzwi 

krzesto 

lozna 

filizanka 


Ehaz 
kapu 
szek 
agy 
dillikom 


dum 

e dwere 

pawlac 

postel 

Ekoffljk 






XI. - Time, &c. 
















Year 
Month 

Week 


shanah 

chodesh 

shevua 


hod 

meshets 

nidyela 


rok 

mishents 

tidjen 


esztendo 

honap 

het 


rok 

mesye 

tyden 










H 2. E 2. 


HI. E 2. 


E 3. 


H2. E4. 







VI.— SANSCRIT FAMILY, 



VII.-CHINESE FAMILY. 



22 



Pali. 



asi 



kinarukko 



siram 



locunam 

tundam 
mukkam 

sotam 
jiwka 
Enasa 



Sanscrit. 



gkaram 

e dwarani 

pitkam 

sayana 



E2. 



bkekak 
saragka 



skar&sa- 
nang 
e skarak 
khargali 
plialakang 



H kalak 
shastri 
kutk&rak 
krakackak 
sliakatang 

skakrang 



skirak 
netrang 

tundang 

an ana 

keskak 

skrotrang 
J rasana 

nasika 
radanack- 
ckkada 

kastak 

prapadang 
piskitang 
skonitang 
astki 



H bati 

e dwarang 
asanang 
kkatwa 



abdak 
masak 
saptakak 

H 3. E 3. 



Bengalli. 



Siamese. 



beng 

mau, maohli 



dkanuk 

ban 

katari 

dkal 



langul 
ckkuri 
kurali 
karat 
fgari 

ckaka 



matka 
ckakkyu 

Eniukk 

mukk 

ckul 

karna 

jikwa 
Enak 

tkont 

fkat 

Epad, or pa 
mangs 
rakta 
kar 



bari 
:dwar 
kedera 
kkat 



batsar 

mas 

saptak 

H 2. E 6. 



k'hang-k'hok 

p'kung 



t'kanu 

son 

lap 

Esilo 



t'kai 

k'kwan fa 

luei 

kian 

lo, ckak 



Chinese. 



kok na 
miekfung 



kung, 
kiung 
tsien, si 
kien 
tiang pai 



lipa 

siau tau, to 

fu tau 

kii 

niu eke, ki 

lun 



Corean. 



ta 

kna 

p'kom 

ku 

lin 

tamuk 

rim pak 

umu 

tin 
niia 
:liiat 
kaduk 



ruan 
patii 
kawi 
tiang 
t'ku wei 



pi 

diian 

at'kit 

E2. 



fyen 

kau 

mien, bien 
mau, mo 



i urk. 



J 1 



skek, siet 
pi, pit 

skin 



skau. 



siu 



kiok, kiok 
jau, jiok 
kiuek, kiet 
kuk, kut 



:uk, ok 
mun, bun 
kau i. 
ckwang 
pei 



men 

yuek, guik 
yikko lipai 

HI. E 3. 



kai kuri 
por 



kwar 

sar 
kwanto 



po sip 
k'kur 
to ts'kai 
lop 
sur roi 

pak koi 



nun 

ip 

nat 

t'ko rok 
kui 
kyo 
k'ko 

ip si ur 

son 

par 
koki 
p'ki 
spyo 



tsip ka 
mun 
kyo ui 
sang 

tsi wan 



kan keis 
tar wor 



Japanese. 



ka eyr' 
ka tsi 



yumi 

ya 

katana 

tate 



H karasuki 
kogatana 
nata 
noko 
o kuruma 

kuruma 



HI. 



me 

kucki 
kao 

kami noke 
mimi, pi. 
skta 
kane 
kacki, 
biru, pi. j 

te 

aski 
niku 
cki 
Ekone 



lye 

to 

kiokoroko 

nedokoro 

wan 



nen 
tski 
sktonanuka 

HI. El, 



23 



VIII— POLYNESIAN FAMILY. 



IX.-AFRICAN 



English. 


Hebrew, 


Malay. 


Tahetian. 




Kisuaheli. 


Kiniau. 




Frog 

Bee (honey) 


tsepharda 
debora 


kudoh 
lebah 






tjiia 
nioki 


jiila 
muji 




VII.— Weapons, 
&c. 
















Bow 

Arrow 

Sword 


qesheth 
cheits 
cherebh , 


pana 

anak pana 
padang 


fana 
ohe 
Eoe 




H iita 
upanga 


mpamba 
lipanga 




Shield 


niagein 


prise 


paruru 




ngao 






VIII.— Agricultu- 
ral Implements. 




- 












Plough 


charash 


bajah 












Knife 


sakim 


pisu 


tibi 




kissu 


khnaje 




Axe 

Saw 


qardom 
massur 


kapa 
gragadje 


opahi 
ee 




soka 
H msum£no 


liwago 
H msomeno 




Cart 


agala 


e kreta ) 
kurbo j 












Wheel 


aufen 


roda 


parotata 










IX.- Members of 
the Body, &o. 
















Head 


rash 


kapala 


upu 










Eye, eyes 


oiyen, { 
oinion J 


mata 


mata 




mato, pi. 


messo, pi. 




Mouth 


pe 


Emulut 


vaha 




kanoa 






Face 


panim 


muka 


mata 




usso 


ussio 




Hair 


sear 


rambut 


roura 




unuelle 


luhiimbo 




Ear 

Tongue 


azen,im,pl. 
lashon 


talinga 
lida 


e taria 
arero 




sikio 
ulimi 


libinkka-iiiro 

lulimi 




Nose 




hidung 


ihu 










Lip, lips 


sapha, { 
tim, pi. J 


biber 


utu 




mu6mo, s. 


mlomo, s. 




Hand, ) 
Hands J 

Foot, feet 


yad _ j 
yadaim j 

regel, ini 


tangan 
kaki 


rima 
avae 




magu, pi. J 


likongolo, ) 

makongolo, pi. 




Flesh 


basar 


daging 


io 




niama 


niama 




Blood 


dam 


H dara 


toto 




H damu 


miassi 




Bone 


etsem 


tulang 


ivi 




mfupa 


mfupu 




X.— Dwellings, 
Furniture, &c. 
















House 


baith 


ruma 


fare 




niumba 


niumba 




Door 
Chair 


deleth 
kise 


pintu 

H krusi 


opani 
parahi raa 




mlango 


mlango 




Bed 


initte 


katil 


roi 




H matandiko 


ugono 




Cup 


kous 


mangkoh 


H aua 




kata, kopo 


H mgao 




XI.— Time, &c. 
















Year 


shana 


tahun 


matahiti 




muaka 


muaka 




Month 


chodesh 


bulan 


Emarama 




mesi 


mesi 




Week 


shevua 


jumat 


hebedoma f 




jummamoja 










H2. E2. 


HI. E3. 




H4. 


H2. 











AMERICAN FAMILY. 24 


Mandenga. 


Yoruba. 


Kabenda. 


Tumbuctu. 




Esquimaux. 


Choctaw. 




todi 
ligise 


ogbolo 
onyi 


dsula 
nose 


korobata 
yonya 










kala 

binye 

fang 


oru 
ofa 
ida 


lubao 

mta 

tanzi 


kara 

bangou 

takuba 




pittiksit 

karjut 

saviksoak 


tasbivata 
uski naki 
ushpo falaia 
tilibpa 




muro 
tegerang 


obe 
Eage 


mbele 
tale 


huri 
dasi 




H savik 
ullimuut 
kiblut 

gaiviok 


yakvi isht patafa 

boshpo 
iskifa 
ist wsba 

iti charrom acliva 
iti chvnaha 




fnya 

da 

nya # 
kunsi 
tulo 
neou 
Enu 


odsbu 

eno 
odsbu 
giro 
eti 
awo 
imu 


liezu 

Emunua 
psu 

mbulendse 
kutu 
lulumi 
yilu 


mo 

Erne 
nglni 
bamber 
hanga 
dene 
nine 




niako 
Eise, isik | 
(dual) J 
kannek 
kenek 
nutset 
sijut 
okkuk 
kingak 

kanneb 


nusbkobo 

nishkin 

itib 

wasbuka 
pasbi 
haksobisb 
H isonlvsp 
ibi sbakni 

iti vlbi 




buloko 


enyowo 


mbusakoko 


kamba- ) 
banda 




aggak 


ibbuk 




seumfada 

dseli 
kolo 


enyese 

edsbe 
egu 


monget- 

ambe J 
menga 
mbze 


kebanda 

kuri 
biri 




Eitti, itte- 
ket(dual)j 
nerkemik 
auk 
saunek 


syi 

nipi 
issish 
Efoni 




bong 
kong 
serifeou 
gbengbe 


ile 
eko 
agwoti 
busu 


uzo 

dsavulu 
kundu 
dsika 


Enu 

gambu 
fkursi 

dari 




iglo 

upkoa 

aumit 

ermgmusi-arsuk 

Ejabre 
tacbek 
e waobe 


cbuka 
okisa 
aioasha 
topa 
isbt isbko 

afummi 
H busbi 
nitakbulo 




HI. E 2. 


HI. E2. 


El. 


H 2. E 3. 




HI. E 4. 


H2. El. 





G 



25 



I.— SAXON AND GOTHIC FAMILY. 



English. 



Day 
Night 

To-day 
H To-mor- 
row 
Yester- 
day- 
Spring 
Summer 
Autumn 
Winter 

XII.— Numerals. 

H One 
Two 

H Three 

Four 

Five 
H Six 
H Seven 

Eight 

Nine 

Ten 

XIII— Colours. 

Black 

White 
Eed 

XIV.— Adjectives, 

Prepositions, and 

Pronouns. 

Blind 
Deaf 

Before 

Behind 

I 

H Thou 

H He 

H She 

We 

Ye 

They 

East 

West 

North 

South 



H8. 



Saxon. 



E daeg, dag 

E niht 

E to-daeg 

fmorgen 

b gyrstan- 
daeg 

E sumer 

b winter 



fan, aen 
Etwa, 

twegen 
f threo, thry 

feowr 

fif 
fsix 
fseofen 
b eahta 
Biiigun 
Etyn 



blac, 

sweart 

hwit 

e red, read, reod 



3 blind 
s deaf 
e before, 
beforan 

Ebehindan 



B1C 
Mil 



H 

fhe 



seo 



ge 

thgege 
Eeast 
Ewest 
e north 

south 



Gothic. 



Edags 



Bnahts 
himmadaga 

gistra dags 



asa 



Bwmtrus 



fains, aina 

Etwai, twa 

fthrins 
Efidwor 
Efinf 
fsaihs 
fsibun 
b ahtan 
b nihun 
e taihun 



H swart 
Equeit 



Dutch. 



Edag 
Enagt 



E 

e zes 

H 

E 



e blinda 
bauths 

:faur 

Ehindar, 

aftero 
Eik 
|thu 

jains, is 
fsi 
H uns 
ejus 
E thai, thaim 

urruns 

saitwa 



E zomer 



feen 

Etwee 

fdrie 
Evier 

:vyf 



zeven 



; acht 
Enegen 
Etien 



swart 

Ewit 
:rood 



blind 
doof 



ik 
du 



Izy 



e oost, oosten 

Ewest 

Bnoord 

Ezuid 



German. 



Btag 
Enacht 
heute 

fmorgen 

! gestern 

frehling 
e sommer 
H herbst . 
e winter 



E ems, em 



Ezwei 

fdrei 

Evier 

Efiinf 

fsechs 

fsieben 

Eacht 

Eneiin 

Ezehn 



H schwartz 

Eweiss 
Eroth 



: blind 
taub 

Evor 

Ehintan 

Eieh 
fdu 

er 
fsie 
Ewir 

ihr 
Esie 
e osten 
Ewesten 
Eiiorden 
e siiden 



Swedish. 



i dag 
Enatt 
•i dag 

f i margon 



l gar 

var 

E sommar 

hast 
E vinter 



fen 

Etva 

ftre 
Efyra 
Efem 
fsex 
siu 
Eotta 
Enijo 
Etio 



h swart 

Ehvit 
Erod 



e blind 
Edof 

framfor, 

innan 

efterat, 

bakom 

: j a g 
?du 

han 

henne 



Danish. 



Edag 
Enat 
E i-dag 

fi-morgen 



l-gaar 

foraar 
e sommer 

efteraar 
e vinter 



feen 

EtO 

ftre 
Efire 
Efem 
fsex 

f s yv 

e aatte 
Eni 

Etin 



hon, 
Ewi 

de 
:de 

:ost, osten 
: vester 
: nord 
: soder 



sort 

Ehvid, huit 
Erod 



e blind 
Edov 

iforan 



Icelandic. 



dagur 
Eno^t 5)-,' 
i-dag 



fa-morg 



^V/rtt 



'■J 



ojCSI 



vor 
Esumar 

haust 
Ewetur 



fein 

EtVO 

fthrir 
Enorir 
Enm 
fsex 
sio 
Eatta 
Eniu 
Eti^n 



bagved 

fdu 

han 

him 
Evi 

de 
H dem 

EOSt 

Evest 



nord 
syd 



*7 



lAJVt*-l 



bleika -^ 

Ehvit 
raudf 



Eblindur 
heirnalaus 

'ryrn-rram 
aeptir ' 



'c/ets^.M 



cU-xf. 



J e g , x 
pii (thu.) 

harm $*- 
Eaustur 

ifcli iifm* 

IUW I ILL 

Enordur 
Esudur 



K 



H8. E34. H8. E22. H 7. E 24. H 9. E 29. H 6. E 27. H 8. E 28 . Hi E23 



4 



/^H 









II.-SHEMITIC FAMILY. 



26 



Hebrew. 


Arabic. 


Syriac. 


Coptic. 


Persian. 


Hindostani. 


Turkish. 




youm 


H yaum 


H yum 


H ehoou 


raz 


din, roz, youm 


H A 

gun 




laila 


H Hlat 


H laila 




shab 


rat, sbub 


gijeh 




lia youm 


H al yaum 


H yaumono 


mphoou 


amruz 


aj, imroz 

IIP \ 


bu guro 




machar 


gbada 


fmechar 


rasti 


fardah 


kul, lur- | 
dab j 


yarin 




etmoul 


amss 


H ethmol 


nesaf 


diruz 


kul, pich-j 
ladin J 
buhar 


dun 




abib 


rabib 


H abiba 


be, pshom 


bahar 


bahar 




qaitz 


sief 


^aito 


maie 


tabistan, sief 


g^urmi, tabistan 


H yaz 




choreph 


H kbarif 


alul 




maheijan, karif 


khizan 


son bahar 




sathav 


sbita 


H sathvo 


phro 


zamistan 


jara 


qish 




acbad 


fwached 


fchad 


fouot 


yek 


ek 


bir 




sh'naim 


H atbnein 


treen 


H snau 


Edu 


Edo 


eki 




sh'losh 


etbatlatba 


ftoltho 


schoment 


seh 


tin 


utch 




arba 


H arbaaba 


H arbho 


E ftoow 


cbebar 


char 


dord 




chmesh 


H kbamsat 


H chamsho 


tow 


banj 


H pansh 


H besh 




shesh 


setat 


H shetho 


soou 


f shish 


H cheh 


alti 




sheba 


e sauaat 


fshabho 


sasehf 


baft 


sat 


yedi_ 




sh'mone 


tbamanyat 


H temonyo 


H scbemoun 


Ebasbt 


B ath 


sechis 




tisha 


H tasaahat 


H tesho 


psit 


Eno 


B no 


doghus 




eser 


H aasbat 


H esro 


met 


dab 


das 


on 




schur 


aswad 


iikomo 


kams 


siah 


kala, siyah 


qarah 




laban 


abiad 


chevor 


subasb 


sapid 


sufed 


biyaz 




adorn 


ahmar 


sumoko 






lal 


qizil 




iver 


amab 


samio 


belle 


cur 


undha, kor 


kur 




cheresh 


H attrash 


H charesb 


H kauri 


caj 


baihra 


saghir 




liplinei 


kidam 


le-ein, 
kedom 


khadgo 


peesh 


peshtur 


evvel 




l'achour 


kbalf 


chartho 


mepepso 


pass 


pichle 


sonrah 




ani 


H ana 


H eno 


H anok 


man 


main 


bin 




ata 


H ant 


e at 


H entok 


ftu 


ftu, tain 


sen 




hu 


fhu 


jfhau 


entof 


fo 


fwuh, usne 


ol 




hi 


Shi 


fhoi 


entas 


o, or H bi 


wuh 


ol 




aim 


nabin 




H anon 


ma 


ham 


biz 




atem 


H autum 




entoten 


shuma 


H tum 


siz 




heima 


H bum 


H honeen 


entoou 


H onha 


we 


anler 




mizrab 


shark 


madnicho 


mapshai 


wartghap 


purub 


gun toghusi 




erebb 


H gharb 


H maharbo 


mapbotep 


H gbarb 


puchchhum 


bati 




ts'phoun 


shimal 


garboyo 


pemhit 


tarapi, Bhimal 


uttur 


yildiz 




daroum 


kubli 


taimono 


res 


jauoob 


dukhun 


kibleh 






H20. E5. 


H24. E7. 


H 8. E 2. 


H5. E6. 


H 5. E 5. 


H. 3. 





27 




III.- 


GREEK AIMD LATIN FAMILY. 


English. 


Hebrew. 


G-reek (anct.) 


Greek (mod.) 


Latin. 


Italian. 


Portuguese. 




Day 


youm 


hemera 


imera 


Edies 


H gi6rno 


Edia 




Night 


laila 


Enux 


Enikta 


EllOX 


e notte 


Enoite 




To-day 


ha youm 


semeron 


simeron 


Ehodie 


oggi 


hoje 




To-mor-{ 
row J 


machar 


epaurion 


aorion 


eras 


domani 


H a manhaa 




Yester- ) 
day j 


etmoul 


k'thes 


ekthes 


heri 


jeri 


onte 




Spring 


abib 




anixin 


ver 


primavera 


primevera 




Summer 


qaitz 


theros 


kalokeri 


clCStclS 


state 


verao 




Autumn 


choreph 




ffchinoperon 


e autumnus 


e autiinno 


Eoutono 




Winter 


sathav 


ear 


shimona 


hiems 


inverno 


invlerno 




XII.— Numerals. 
















One 


achad 


eis, en 


Eena 


Eunus 


Eiino 


Eum 




Two 


shnaim 


Edu6 


Edio 


Eduo 


Edue 


Edois 




Three 


sh'losh 


ftreis 


Etria 


ftres 


Etre 


ftres 




Four 


arba 


tessares 


tessara 


quatuor 


quattro 


quatro 




Five 


chmesh 


pente 


pende 


quinque 


cinque 


cinco 




Six 


shesh 


fhex 


fexi 


Esex 


fsei 


fseis 




Seven 


sheba 


fhepta 


fepta 


fseptem 


Esette 


Esete 




Eight 


sh'mone 


Eokt6 


Eokto 


EOCtO 


e otto 


Eoito 




Nine 


tisha 


e ennea 


ekea 


Enovem 


E nove 


Enove 




Ten 


eser 


Edeka 


Edeca 


e decern 


dieci 


Edez 




Xm— Colours. 
















Black 


schur 


melan 


marron 


H ater, niger 


nero 


preto 




White 


laban 


leukos 


aspron 


albus 


bianco 


H branco 




Eed 


adorn 


e eruthros 


cokmo 


e ruber, 
rubeus j 


r6sso 


vermelho 




XIV.— Adjectives, 
















Prepositions, and 
















Pronouns. 
















Blind 


iver 


tuphlos 


tiflos 


C03CUS 


ci^co 


cego 




Deaf 


cheresh 


kophos 


kafos 


surdus 


sordo 


surdo 




Before 


liphnei 


Epro 


empros 


ante 


davante 


diante 




Behind 


l'achour 


opiso 


opison 


post, atergo 


dietro 


detraz 




I 


ani 


ego 




ego 


Eio 


Eeu 




Thou 


ata 


esu 




£tu 


?tu 


|tn 




He 


hu 


autos 




ille 


egli . 
ella 


elle 




She 


hi 


aute 




ilia 


ella 




We 


anu 


hemeis 




H nos 


H noi 


H nos 




Ye 


atem 


e humeis 




vos 


voi 


vos 




They 


heima 


spheis 




illi 


eglino 


elles 




East 


mizrah 


anatole 


anatali 


oriens 


oriente 


oriente 




West 


erebh 


dusmai 


diris 


occidens 


occidente 


poente 




North 


ts'phoun 


borras 


vorras 


septentrio 


tramontana 


Enorte 




South 


daroum 


notos 


notos 


meridies 


mezzogi- ) 
orno J 


meysdia 








H3. E12. 


H2. E8. 


H 7. E 14. 


H3. Ell. 


H 6. E 14. 











IV.-CELTIC 


FAMILY. 


28 


Spanish. 


French. 


Cornish. 


Welsh. 


Irish. 


Manx. 


Gaelic. 




Edia 


H jour 


H journa 


diurnod 


la 


laa 


latha 




Enoche 


Enuit 


Enei 


Enos 


aoidhche 


oie 


oidhche 




hoy 


H aujourdhui 




H heddyw 


a mugh 


jin 


H an diuth 




H manana 


demain 


avorou 


H yfory 


fa marach 


gmeiragh 


e am meir- ] 
each j 




ayer 


tier 




doe 


a ne 


jea 


an de 




primavera 


printemps 




gwanwyn 


earrach 


arragh 


earrach 




verano 


ete 


Mn, ephan 


haf 


Eseamhradh 


sourey 


e samhruidh 




e otono 


e automne 




cynhauaf 


fog mhar 


ouyr 


faoghradh 




invierno 


Hver 


guav 


gauaf 


geim readh 


geurey 


geamhradh 




Euno 


euii 




fun 


faon 


nane 


faon 




Edos 


Edeux 


Edeau 


Edau 


sdo 


jees 


sda 




ftres 


etrois 


\ 


E*ri 


ftri 


fthree 


ftri 




cuatro 


quatre 




pedwar 


ceathar 


kiare 


ceithir 




cinco 


cinq 


Epemp 


Epimp 


cuig 


queig 


cuig 




Iseis 


fsix 




fchwech 


gse 


fshey 


E se 




e siete 


fsept 




saith 


seacht 


shiaght 


seachd 




Eocho 


Ehuit 




Ewyth 


Eocht 


Ehoght 


Eochd 




e nueve 


Eneuf 




B naw 


Enaoi 


Enny 


Enaoi 




Ediez 


Edix 


Edig 


sdeg 


deich 


jeih 


e deich 




negro 


H noir 




du 




du 


dubh 




H blanco 


H blanc 




Egwyn 




H bane 


geal 




encarnado 


rouge 


coch 


coch 


Eruadh 


parg 


dearg 




cigo 


H aveugle 




dall 


caech 


doal 


dall 




sordo 


sourd 


aege 


byddar 


boghar 


bouyr 


boghar 




delanti 


avant 




oflaen 


roimme 


kiongoyrh 


air thoiseach 




detras 


derriere 




tu 61 


diaigh 


cheu-chooyloo 


air dearadh 




y° 


EJe 




H mi 


H me 


mish 


mi 




ftu 


|tu 




E L1 


f tii 


uss 


Ithu 




el 


il 




H eve 


S6, jjO 


eshyn 


E e 5 eis 




ella 


elle 




|hi 


fsi, 1 


ish 


H i, ish, isha 




nosotros 


^IIOUS 




fmyni 


sinn 


shinyn 


sinn 




vosotros 


EVOUS 




e chychwi 


sibh 


shinish 


sibh 




ellos 


ils, elles 




Ehwuy 


siad 


adsyn 


iad 




oriente 


Eest 




dwyrain 


soir 


niar 


an ear 




poniente 


e ouest 




gorllewin 


siar 


neiar 


an iar 




Enorte 


Enord 


gogleth 


gogledd 


twaigh 


twoaie 


antuath 




medio dia 


midi 


H deliou 


de 


deas 


jiass 


an deas 




H5. E13. 


H10. E16. 


H3. E4. 


H10. E15. 


H8. E12. 


H 4. E 5. 


H8. Ell. 





H 






29 






V.-SCLAVONIC FAMILY. 




English. 


Hebrew. 


Russian. 


Polish. 


Hungarian. 


Bohemian. 






Day 


youm 


djen 


dyen 


nap 


den 






Night 


laila 


Enotsh 


Enots 


ejszaka 


Enos 






To-day 


ha youm 


sye, ho- | 
dnia j 


djise 


ma 


dnes 






To-mor- 
row 


machar 


zavtri 


yutro 


holnap 


zytra 






Yester- 
day j 


etmoul 


urtsheras 


utsora 


tegnap 


wsera 






Spring 


abib 


v'esna 


visna 


tarasz 


garo 






Summer 


qaitz 


letta 


liato 


nyar 


leto 






Autumn 


choreph 


wosen 


wosen 


osz 


pedzym 






Winter 


sathav 


zjima 


zjima 


tel 


zyma 






XII. — Numerals. 
















One 


achad 


raz 


yedna 


e g7 


geden 






Two 


sh'naim 


Edeva 


sd've 


ketto 


Edwa 






Three 


sh'losh. 


jftri 


JFtshi 


harom 


|try 


• 




Four 


arba 


tshetiri 


s'tiri 


negy 


styxy 






Five 


chmesh 


piath 


pjinsh 


6t 


pet 






Six 


shesh 


fshesht 


fshist 


hat 


g S6S t 






Seven 


sheba 


fsiedem 


gsiem 


het 


fsedm 






Eight 


sh'mone 


woshim 


osyem 


nyolo 


osm 






Nine 


tisha 


deviath 


devitt 


kilene 


dewet 






Ten 


eser 


desit 


desit 


Etiz 


deset 






XIII.— Colours. 
















Black 


schur 


ncherniyee 


Hczarny 


teketi 


serna 






"White 


laban 


bailiyee 


Ebiaty 


fejer 


bjla 






Eed 


adorn 


krasniyee 


czersrony 


piros 


cerwena 






XIV.— Adjectives, 
















Prepositions, and 
















Pronouns. 
















Blind 


iver 


slaipsee 


slepy 


H vak 


slepy 






Deaf 


cheresh 


gliikoee 


gtuchy 


siket 


hluchy 






Before 


liphnei 


prejde 


przed 


elott 


pxed 






Behind 


l'achour 


paslatee 


po 


muett 


za 




% 


I 


ani 


Eja 


EJa 


en 


ga 






Thou 


ata 


e tee 


ftr 


E te 


fty 






He 


hu 


on 


on 


6 (ferjfi) 


on 






She 


hi 


ona 


ona 


6 (as rse- ] 
. ong) j 
mi 


ona 






We 


anu 


Emee 


Emy 


my 






Ye 


atem 


vee 


wy 


ti 


w 7. 






They 


henna 


onee 


oni 


ok 


oni 






East 


mizrah 


e vastok 


e wschor 


kelet 


wychod 






West 


erebh 


zapal 


zachor 


nyngott 


zdpad 






North 


ts'phoun 


saivev 


potnoc 


ejszak 


pulnos 






South 


daroum 


rjuff 


poldnic 


del 


poledne 










H 5. E 9. 


H 5. E 10. 


H2. E2. 


H4. E6. 










I 



VI.-SANSCRIT FAMILY. 



Pali, 



divasam 



a Jja 



sve 



biyyo 



eko 
Edwi 
sti 

catu 

panca 

clia 

satta 
Eatba 
Enava 
H dasa 



seto 



pubabi 
*apara 
abam 
tumba 
eso 



esa 



pubbo 

uttaro 
dakkbino 

H2. E4. 



Sanscrit. 



dibasab 
nisha 

sadya 
kalyang 

kalyang 

pusbpasa- ) 
mayabj 

niddaghab 
H sara 
H sliitang 

ekab 
Edwau 
e trayah 

cbatasrob 

pancba 
sbat 

e asbtav 

Enava 

H dasba 



krisbna 
shuklab 
lobitab 



Bengalli. 



din 
ratri 

aji 
kali 

gatakali 

basanta 

grishma 
H sarat 
sbit 

ek . 
Edui 

Etin 

chari 

pancb 

cbbay 

sat 
:at 
may 
c dasb 

ikala 
e sbwet 
lal 



VII.-CHINESE FAMILY. 



30 



Siamese. 



andbab 
H badbirah 
pubab 
bascbat 
abang 
twang 
sab 

sa 

bayang 

juyang 
Ete 

purbbab 
pasbcbimab 

uttarab 

dakbyinab 

H 5. E 7. 



kana 
kala 
agre 
picble 
H ami 
tumi 
tini 

tini 

amra 

tomra 

tabdra 

piirbba 

pascbim 

uttar 

dakhyin 

H 3. E 6. 



wan 
ratri 

wan ni 



pruk ni 



Chinese. 



Enung 
H s6ng 

sam 

si 

%a 

bok 

cb6t 
p6t 
kaw 
sip 



bbt 
nuak 
k'bangna 
k 'banglang 
ku 

miing 
nan 



rau 

su 

kbbau arai 



H 2. El. 



kin jib, 
kin a jit, 
ming jib, 
beng jit 

tsob jib 

cbun 

bea 
tsiu 
tung 

yib, it, cbit 
'rh, ji, no 
san, sam 
sz', si 
wu, gno, 
gou 

lub, liuk, 
lak 
tsib, ch'it 

pah, pat, peh 

Mu, kiu, kau 

Hshih, sip, chap 



Hhih, hek, ou 

peb, pek 

hung, hong, ang 



mang jm 
Mng 
tsien 
H bau 
ngo 
'rb 
i, ta 

ta 

ngo-mun 

ni 

ta mun 

tung 

si 

peb 

nan 



Corean. 



H3. 



nar lr 
pam 

kum ir 
myong ir 
tsak ir 



pom 

nyo rum 
ka ar 
kyo u 



fban, ir 
Etu, i 

sok, sam 

nok, sa 

tasat, o 
yo sut, liuk 

nir, kop, tshir 
yo tarp, p'har 

a bop, kou 
yor, sip 



Japanese. 



syo kyong 
kui mokur 
arp 
tiii 



na 

no, 

tsyo 



y° 



atung 

c yotong 

ku 

tong nyok 

syos nyok 

puk nyok 

nam nyok 



H 



E. 2, 



icbi nicbi 
yoru 

kon nicbi 
meyo nicbi 
saku jitsu 

haru 

natsu 
aki 
i fuyu 

icbi 
ni 
san 
shi 

go 

roku 

bichi 
nacbi 
ku 

jiyu 

kuro 
shiro 
akai 



mekura 
tsumbo 
maye 
ota 
ware 
H anata 
anosbto 

anunna 

wasbi duno 

omaiye tachi 
anoshto tachi 



bigasbi 
nisbi 
kita 
minami 

HI. 



31 




VIII.-POLYNESIAN F. 


IX.-AFRICAN 


English. 


Hebrew. 


Malay. 


Tahetian. 




Kisuaheli. 


KMau. 




Day 


youm 


hari 


mahana 




siku 


siku 




Night 


laila 


malam 


rui 




usiku 


jiro 




To-day 


ha youm 


ini hari 


tei enai mahana 




leo 


rero 




To-mor-\ 
row J 


machar 


besok 


ananahi 




keso 


Emalawi 


















Yester- } 
day J 
Spring 


etmoul 


samalam 


nanahi 




jana 


lisso 




abib 


nrasim turn- ) 
biihum buaii J 












Summer 


qaitz 


musim panas 


auhuni 




majira ya-jua 






Autumn 


choreph 


musim memun- 1 
gut bua buan J 












Winter 


sathav 


musim. sejah 


poai 




majira ya-masika 






XII.— Numerals. 
















One 


achad 


satu 


tahi 




memoja 


yumpepe 




Two 


shnaim 


udua 


piti 




mbili 


siwiri 




Three 


sh'losh 


Etiga 


fjaru 




tatu 


sitatu 




Four 


arba 


H ampat 


maha 




nne 


J e J e 




Five 


chmesh 


lima 


Epae 




tano 


sano 




Six 


shesh 


anam 


ono 










Seven 


sheba 


tuju 


hitu 




jjSaoaa 


tano nasiwiri 




Eight 


sh'mone 


delapan 


varu 










Nine 


tisha 


sambilang 


iva 










Ten 


eser 


sapulu 


hoe ahuru 










XIII.— Colours. 
















; Black 


schur 


hitam 












White 


laban 


putih 






meauppe 






Eed 


adorn 


merah 






muekundu 






XIV.— Adjectives, 
















Prepositions, and 
















Pronouns. 
















! Blind 


iver 


butah 


matapo 




mtofa wam&to 


mtotomeso 




Deaf 


cheresh 


tuli 


turia turi 




kisiwi 


rbuibui 




Before 


liphnei 


adap 


na mua 




mbelle 


mberre 




Behind 


Tachour 


b'lakang 


na muri 




niuma 


mgongo 






ani 


aku 


ovahu 




mimi 


Hune 




Thou 


ata 


ankau 


Eooe 




wewe 


uwe 




He 


hu 


diya 


oia 




y£e 


ayu 




She 


hi 


diya 


oia 










We 


anu 


kami 


matou 




suisui 


E uhue 




Ye 


atem 


kamu 


E outou 




nuinui 


umue 




They 


heima 


diya orang 


ratou 




wao 


ao 




East 


mizrah 


timor 


hitia ote ra 




mao ya jua 


jirambo 




West 


erebh 


barat 


tua otera 




Hmagribi 


liuyalihuii*e 




North 


ts'phoun 


utara 


apatoa 










South 


daroum 


salatan 


apotoerau 




Esuheli 










HI. E 2. 


H2. E3. 




H2. E2. 


HI. E2. 








FAMILY. 








X.-AMERICAN F. 32 


Mandenga. 


Yoruba. 


Kabenda. 


Tumbuctu. 


1 


Esquimaux. 


Choctaw. 




teledo 


oso 


bumuidsba 


cbari 




uvlok 


nitak 




su 


Holu 


nbuilu 


kigi 




e unnuok 


Eninak 




bi 


oni 


lumbuads 


bo 




uvlume 


hunaknitak 




sini 


ola 


dsalubiyono 


suba 




kaupet 


onnaba 




kunu 


ano 


dsebeliyono 


bi 




ikpekjak 

aujalerpet 
aujak 

okkiolerpet 

okkiok 


pilashasb 

toffassi 
toffa 
Enushtolopi 
busbtolo 


- 


kele 


seni 


dshos 


afo 




atteeusok 


acbuffa 




fila 


edshi 


koale 


abingka 




majok 


Etuklo 




sawa 


eta 


tatu 


abindsa 




pinjasut 


tucbina 




nani 


seri 


nna 


ataki 




sittamat 


usbta 




loin 


aro 


tanu 


igu 




tellimat 


taklapi 




woro 


efa 


psambanu 


idu 




The Esquimaux do 
not count further 


bannali 




woronglo 


edsi 


psamboale 


iye 




than 5; for 6 they 
show 6 fingers, so on 


untuklo 




segi 


edsho 


inana 


yaha 




to 10; for 11 both feet 
and 1 finger, &c, up 


untuchina 




konondo 


neso 


ivoa 


yaga 




to 20 ; then they say 
" a man's limbs at 


cbakbali 




Etang 


eroa 


kumi 


awoi 




an end." But the 
Christian Esqui- 
maux are taught the 
higher numbers. 


pokoli 




fima 


o dudu 


cbi nombe 


ibibi 




kernek 


lusa 




gbele 


o fufu 


cha mpemba 


korci 




kacbuktak 
aukpaluk 


tobbi 
nbumma 




El. 


H2. E2. 


HI. 




HI. El. 


H 1. E 2. 





TABLE OF AFFINITIES. 



The following table exhibits the approximate ratio of affinity which each 
language bears to the Hebrew and English, as indicated in the preceding Com- 
parative Vocabulary : the whole number of 146 words being taken as a common 
standard. All the languages are arranged in ten ° distinct classes, viz. : — 
I. Gothic and Saxon family. II. Shemitic family. III. Greek and Latin family. 
IV. Celtic family. V. Sclavonic family. VI. Sanscrit family. VII. Chinese family. 
VIII. Polynesian family. IX. African family. X. North American family : — 



i. 



English 

Saxon 

Gothic 

Dutch 

German 

Swedish 

Danish 

Icelandic 

Hebrew 

Arabic 

Syriac 

Coptic 

Persian 

Hindostani . . . 

Turkish 

Greek (Ancient) 

Greek (Modern) 

Latin 

Italian 

Portuguese ... 

Spanish 

French 

Cornish 

Welsh 

Irish 



II. 



in. 



IV. 



Hebrew 
Affinity. 

32 
34 
32 
31 
31 
28 
29 
15 



70 
79 
24 
17 
16 
16 

16 
12 
20 
16 
20 
17 
25 

21 

25 
15 



English 
Affinity. 



142 

82 
142 
120 
132 
136 
108 



22 
22 

8 
28 
26 

9 

37 
SO 
55 
50 
45 
48 
54 

42 
41 
35 



Manx 
Gaelic 

Eussian 
Polish 
Hungarian 
Bohemian 

Pali 

Sanscrit 
Bengalli 

Siamese 
Chinese 
Corean 
Japanese 

Malay 
Tahetian 

Kisuaheli 

Kihiau 

Mendenga 

Yoruba 

Kabenda 

Tumbuctu 

Esquimaux 
Choctaw 



VI. 



VII. 



VIII. 



IX. 



x. 



Hebrew 
Affinity. 

14 


English 
Affinity. 

29 


18 


39 


16 


40 


13 


28 


3 


11 


11 


29 


6 


22 


16 


19 


12 


21 


8 


5 


7 


10 


7 


6 


4 


2 


10 


9 


7 


9 


17 


7 


10 


8 


8 


10 


12 


12 


8 


6 


8 


10 


5 


6 


8 


6 



* This classification into ten families of languages was adopted after the first eight pages of the 
tables were printed off, being thought preferable to that of eight families. 

3 



CONCLUDING EEMARKS. 



I. — All the languages of this Vocabulary are evidently related to the Hebrew 
and English, as appears by inspection of it, and of the Table of Affinities. And, 
while the several languages of each of the ten classes, or families, are specially 
related to each other, there is an obvious mutual relation subsisting amongst all the 
languages composing the ten classes. 

II. — These important languages, selected from Europe, Asia, Africa, and 
America, may be considered as the representatives of all the languages and dialects 
of the earth. Therefore we may, by fair induction, founded on the facts just stated, 
conclude that a mutual relationship subsists amongst all the languages of the world, 
and that all are derived from one common stock. We have assumed the Hebrew 
to be the original parent stock — 1st, because of its simplicity and purity ; 2ndly, 
because all its derivatives can be traced to native roots which have their appro- 
priate meaning in the language; 3rdly, because it is the most ancient written 
language we have any authentic record of; and, 4thly, because it is the language 
which God Himself chose for communicating His will to man. 

The faithful and intelligent Christian will readily admit the supreme authority 
of the Bible in determining all questions in which its voice is clear and distinct. 
And therein we find it plainly recorded that all the nations, scattered over the earth, 
are of " one blood," and are all descended from Adam, the first man who was 
created. We also find it clearly stated that all his descendents had one language, 
not only before the Deluge but down to the time of the building of Babel, when 
Jehovah frustrated the designs of the proud and impious builders, by confounding 
their language and dispersing them abroad upon the earth. Thus we have an 
authentic and divine record of the original unity of nations and of language. And 
the conclusion to which we have been led in the preceding inquiry, by tracing out 
the affinities which manifestly exist amongst the present languages spoken by man, 
harmonises with the infallible testimony of God. Therefore we consider all the 
speculations of men, which wilfully ignore and contradict this sure testimony, as 
idle and impious. 

* The following letter on a new society which has just sprung up in London, called " The Anthro- 
pological Society," addressed to the editor of the Record, of June 20, 1864, may be here appropriately 
quoted, in illustration of my remarks above : — 

" Sir, — Among the cunning devices of our spiritual adversary, one which threatens to exert consi- 
derable influence among a large and important class, especially medical and chemical students, is the 




CONCLUDING REMARKS. XV. 

These anthropological gentlemen seem anxious to claim an affinity with the 
brute creation, and, like Darwin and Lord Monboddo, their leaders, are probably- 
desirous of tracing their pedigree to the ape, or orang hutan — the wild man of the 
forest. Most people have an honourable ambition to rise in the social scale, and 
usually claim an affinity with some honourable or noble family, but these gentlemen 
have a strange grovelling propensity, and would gladly find themselves associated 
with monkeys or donkeys in their origin, and perhaps regret the want of a tail to 
prove conclusively their connexion with the former, or of long ears to show their 
brotherhood with the latter. These wise philosophers having rejected the sure 
testimony of God, they follow the ignis fatuus of their own foolish hearts and 
blinded understandings, and will be led into the quagmire of atheism and all its 
filthy abominations. Let me sound an alarm in the ears of Christian young men of 
this generation, and earnestly exhort them, as they value the favour and blessing 
of God, and their own eternal salvation, to beware of this vain philosophy, falsely 
so called : Lord Monboddo and Darwin, with their associates, are blind leaders 
of the blind, and both they and their deluded followers will assuredly fall into the 
ditch. (See the 1st chapter of Romans.) 

III. — By inspection of the "Table of Affinities," it is apparent that the 
Anglo-Saxon and Gothic family of languages stands in close relationship to the 
Hebrew ; the Syriac and Arabic alone, of the whole 48 languages compared, taking 
precedence of them. The Saxon stands first in this class, rising to No. 34 in the 
Scale of Affinity with the Hebrew, being 2 degrees above the Gothic. The English 
and German also rise to an honourable position, being nearly upon an equality at 

formation of an organised association, known as the Anthropological Society of London, including among 
its members names of eminence in literature and science. The professed object of this society is, 'the study 
of Anthropology in a strictly scientific manner. It proposes to study man in all his leading aspects, 
physical, mental, and historical ; to investigate the laws of his origin and progress ; to ascertain his place 
in nature, and his relations to the inferior forms of life ; and to attain these objects by patient investigation, 
careful induction, and the encouragement of all researches tending to establish a de facto science of man.'* 
To all purely scientific research, conducted with a becoming reverence for God's Word, whenever the 
subject-matter approaches that on which we have a Divine revelation, I would say, let every encourage- 
ment be afforded. But the circumstance that the subjects here proposed for investigation are those on 
which we have an unmistakable revelation from God, while this is entirely ignored in papers published 
and circulated by the Society ,f of necessity compels us to conclude that the objects proposed are virtually, 
though not ostensibly, in direct opposition to the Word of God. Such effort must, therefore, sooner or 
later, defeat its own purpose, and become an instrument of illustrating that very truth it would undermine. 

" But, meantime, many unstable minds, not unaccustomed to a deceitful handling of God's Word, 
may be beguiled by the subtlety, and an incalculable amount of mischief may be accomplished. 

" Although I am personally unknown to the secretaries and each member of the council of this 
Society, yet they have sent me a written invitation to unite with them and further their objects. It is 
therefore probable that many others have received a similar invitation. That Christian pastors, and others 
who love the truth, may be alive to this source of danger, is my object in addressing you. — I am, &c, 

" E. A. P." 

* "Circular published by the Society." 

f "For example, the President's Anniversary Address." 



XVI. CONCLUDING REMARKS. 

Nos. 32 and 31. From this scale it also appears that about one-fourth part of the 
words in our own Saxon tongue bears an affinity with the Hebrew, either in a 
primary or secondary degree. This, of course, can only be inferred with regard to 
the pure Anglo-Saxon part of our language, for such words alone have been selected 
for this Vocabulary. And not only in words does this close affinity exist between 
our original mother tongue and the Hebrew, but in the arrangement of ideas and 
the simple structure of sentences it has also a near agreement. And for this reason 
it is comparatively easy to translate the Hebrew Scriptures into English. This 
similarity between the two languages was noticed by Tyndal, the first translator of 
the Hebrew Bible and Greek New Testament into English. He said, " The Greke 
tongue agreeth more with the Englyshe than with the Latyne ; and the properties 
of the Hebrue tongue agreeth a thousande tymes more with y e Englyshe than 
with the Latyne." 

Other collateral evidences of our alliance with Israel have been observed and 
pointed out by different writers, and by none more carefully, amply, and minutely 
than by Mr. John Wilson, the author of " Our Israelitish Origin." The Gothic and 
Saxon nations which crossed the Danube in vast numbers, and made irruptions into 
the Eoman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries, gradually settled within its 
boundaries, and formed the ten Gothic and Saxon kingdoms, which still exist, and 
were distinctly foretold by the Prophet Daniel, and also by St. John in the Eeve- 
lation, under the symbol of the ten-horned wild beast. Mr. Wilson has traced up 
historically these nations to the same locality to which the ten tribes were taken by 
the King of Assyria, viz., on the borders of the Caspian and Black Sea. He then 
adduces various points of resemblance or identity between the Saxon laws, govern- 
ment, constitution, municipal and domestic institutions, customs, manners, spirit, 
and character of the Anglo-Saxons and those of Ancient Israel. Israel was to be 
" the Lord's measuring line," or the means through which the other nations of the 
earth were to be evangelised, and finally united under the righteous and peaceful 
government of " the Prince of Peace." The Anglo-Saxon race, including our 
brethren in the United States of America, and the northern nations of Europe which 
are Protestant, now occupy the place of Israel in fulfilling this purpose of the Divine 
mercy. And upon England especially this high honour has been conferred, of 
taking the lead to send ambassadors of peace to the remotest nations upon the earth. 
The vast extent of England's dominion, and the number and variety of nations 
subject to the sceptre of her Queen, are unexampled in ancient or modem times. 
And for what purpose has all this power and dominion been given to our small 
island, except for that of becoming a blessing to the nations, by making known His 
truth and salvation to all. The obligations and duties of England must be corre- 
spondent to her superior blessings and privileges enjoyed from the Sovereign Euler 
of nations. But, like Israel of old, she has sadly failed in fulfilling the gracious 
purposes of Jehovah. Ambition, and thirst of worldly gain, have been the ruling 
motives of vast multitudes of our countrymen who have gone abroad. A few only 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. XV11. 

are found faithful in the land to their gracious Lord and Saviour, who unite heart 
and hand in sending the Gospel to the heathen. 

Thus, philological and ethnological evidence concur in proving the close 
connection of the English and Hebrew nation. 

The English language has also a remarkable affinity with the Persian. In 
the " Table of Affinities," the latter, it will be observed, ranks No. 28 in its relation 
to the English, and 17 to the Hebrew. The Hindostani also, which is the Hindo- 
Persian spoken in Upper India, comes pretty near it, being 26. Many words in 
these two languages are almost the same as in English, and particularly those 
relating to family kindred : as Fader, Moder or Mudar, Brudar. I have noticed 
some English words and phrases, which are evidently from the Persian : for instance, 
Eeynard signifies fox in Persian ; and quack (an irregular medical practitioner) is 
an appellative for doctor in Persian. 

Many national customs, laws, manners, &c, of the Persians, seem to assimi- 
late them with ourselves. This coincidence is a further corroborative evidence 
of our Oriental origin. 

IV. — The Celtic nations — viz., the Welsh, Irish, and Gaels, especially the 
former — in their most ancient traditions and annals, preserved in the Triads, point 
to the East, or Summer Country (Taprobani), as the original seat of their ancestors. 
But their languages stand much lower in the Scale of Affinity to the Hebrew than 
the English and other Saxon and Teutonic languages. 

The Cornish and Manx also take the same rank with them ; and the Welsh of 
Armorica in Normandy probably sustains the same inferior relation to the Hebrew. 
Our learned Cambrian brethren may differ from me on this subject, and, with 
some of their predecessors, men of eminent learning and research, may still claim 
for their ancient and refined language a closer affinity with the Hebrew than I have 
assigned to it in the " Table of Affinities." I can only say that I have endeavoured 
to maintain an equitable judgment in the matter. 

V. — As a general rule, then, we may observe that the languages here com- 
pared bear a corresponding relation to the Hebrew and English, ^'.e., a language that 
ranks high in its affinity to the Hebrew, also stands proportion ably high in relation 
to the English ; there are, however, some exceptions to the rule. 

VI. — My researches have not been sufficiently extensive to enable me to class 
properly the Turkish and Hungarian. They are probably of Tartarian origin. 
The Hungarians and Bohemians being near neighbours, under the Austrian rule, 
and their languages having both been furnished by Dr. Pinkerton, they were there- 
fore included in the same class ; although they differ widely in their affinity with the 
Hebrew and English. While the Hungarian stands low in both respects, the 
Bohemian takes a third or fourth class rank with the Hebrew, and stands high in 
affinity with the English. 

* Extracts from correspondence bearing upon the Welsh language and its affinity to the Hebrew "will 
be found below. 



XV111. CONCLUDING EEMAEKS. 

VII. — As an evident and striking proof of the affinity of nations as well as of 
languages, we may adduce the Chinese. In population and antiquity they rank 
higher than any other known nation ; comprising one-third of the human family, 
and having authentic history extending back 4,000 years, showing that they have 
been settled in China from a very early period, probably soon after the general 
division of tongues and dispersion at Babel. Although from their comparative 
seclusion for many ages, they have preserved their distinct nationality — in language, 
laws, customs, &c. — yet there are sufficient proofs of their having been members of 
the family of Noah, from the affinity of language, ancient tradition of the deluge, 
(nearly agreeing in time with that of the Mosaic record,) their patriarchal form 
of government, priesthood, and sacrifices, &c. 

Eleven words have been marked out in the Chinese part of this Vocabulary, 
as having an affinity with the Hebrew and English : and in some instances the same 
word is evidently related to both these languages. Thus — 

I. CHINESE WOEDS BELATED BOTH TO THE HEBBEW AND ENGLISH. 

Chinese. Hebrew. English. 

yen (eye), eyen, eyes, een (North of England), 

yuen (garden), gan, garden, 

mu (mother), eim (ema), mother. 

II. OTHEES BELATED TO THE HEBEEW. 

Chinese. Hebrew. 

yue (the moon), yeriah, id. 

shan (a hill), har, id. 

III. — OTHEES BELATED TO THE ENGLISH. 

Chinese. English. 

urh (ear), ear. 

uh (house), house, 

yiu (oil), oil. 

fu (father), father, 

pih (pencil), pen. 

hai (sea), sea. 

These words of the Chinese Vocabulary, it must be remembered, are entirely unde- 
signed and unsought-for coincidences with the Hebrew and English : as the Chinese 
teacher who wrote them out had no thought or intention of that sort. 

In the simplicity of its colloquial tongue, and also in its construction, it 
resembles the Hebrew and English. M. Eemusat, the eminent Parisian professor 
of Chinese, remarked that in the arrangement of their words, or syntax of a sentence, 
the Chinese observe a natural order of ideas. This is manifest to any one acquainted 
with their most popular works, such as the San Kicoh, or History of the Three 
Kingdoms. Their literary men indeed depart from this simple and natural style. 



CONCLUDING REMAKES. SIX. 

and abound with inversions, which often render their books obscure and unintelli- 
gible to ordinary readers : difficulty and obscurity being esteemed as special excel- 
lencies by such learned pedants. The colloquial language of the people also agrees 
with what Eemusat terms the natural order of ideas. 

In dispersing abroad copies of my Prospectus, I have had occasion to corre- 
spond with a rather wide circle of friends and clerical brethren, known and 
unknown. And from not a few I have received cheering letters of encouragement, 
expressing confident anticipations of good resulting from the publication of this and 
two other small works in these last perilous times, when the truth of God's Word is 
daringly and recklessly assailed. From the late venerable and beloved Dr. Marsh 
I received, a few weeks before his death, a short characteristic note, written in a 
bold distinct hand, from which I venture to make an extract — 

" Dear Mr. Tomlin, — Though. I am overburdened at this time as to my purse, and my tahle with 
books, yet I must have some memorial of you — so will you put down my name as a subscriber for one copy 
of ' Comparative Vocabulary.' I have heard of a war of words — what a warrior you have been — and what 
a conqueror you are ! 

" May your labours be greatly blessed, till the happy period arrive when our Lord shall turn to the 
people a pure language, and all shall serve Him with one consent." 

I also here gladly avail myself of the opportunity of recording my grateful 
acknowledgments of very substantial tokens afforded me by several kind friends 
liberally subscribing for two, seven, and ten copies of each work. I venture to give 
the name of one of these kind friends, much revered and honoured for his able, 
sound, and learned works in support of the truth, viz., the Rev. Canon Benson. 
His very kind and encouraging letter inclosed a cheque for £5, in prepayment for 
ten copies of each work, but with the stipulation that he would only take three or 
five copies at most from me. 

From some to whom the Prospectus was sent, and usually accompanied by an 
explanatory and friendly letter, I have received no reply. Several of these were old 
friends, and from such I looked for some token of encouragement. Perhaps they 
are waiting to see the works out before they venture to purchase. I cannot blame 
their prudence, though I hoped for their confidence and early favour. 

Two of my correspondents have thrown out useful hints and cautions, which 
have induced me to reconsider the conclusions I had come to in Philology, and to 
search afresh the foundations on which they rested. This reconsideration of impor- 
tant points, and general revision of arguments, have confirmed me in the belief of 
the stability of the ground on which I have rested. I regret that I am not at liberty 
to mention the name of one of these correspondents, or to publish his letter, in 
which he doubted the correctness of my main position, respecting Hebrew being the 
mother of all languages, and thought it unwise "to stickle" for the honour of the 
Hebrew in this respect. " Many," said he, " get upon their hobbies and ride them 
to death." The following was my letter in reply : — 



XX. CONCLUDING KEMARKS. 

" Eev. and dear Sir, — I am glad to hear you are much, interested in Comparative Philology. I 
see you demur to my primary position, that the Hebrew must he considered as the parent stock of all 
languages. I am well aware that Philologists, generally, give a preference either to the Arabic or Sanscrit, 
but without any satisfactory reason. The sure testimony of the "Word of God is either ignored or slighted 
on this, as well as on many other subjects. It certainly appears to me a very obvious inference from the 
Inspired Eecord, that Hebrew was the only language spoken by men down to the period of the building 
of Babel, and was substantially preserved by one branch of Noah's family, viz., Shem, after that event. 

" The fact of God's having chosen this language, to record His will to man, from the beginning, is 
strong evidence in ( its favour. Its plainness and purity also add to this evidence : for, divested of the 
points, and with the vowels properly restored, which were removed by the writers of the Masora, it is an 
incomparably plain and expressive language, and bears the Royal stamp of its Divine origin. 

" If this first position of mine be granted, then, I think, the obvious affinity subsisting amongst all 
languages, as exhibited in my Comparative Vocabulary, will establish their common relationship to each 
other, and to the Hebrew as their original source. It may be objected that my data are not sufficient to 
warrant such a general conclusion : the number of languages in my Vocabulary, perhaps, not being more 
than one-third of the known languages of the earth ; but yet, I think, they must be considered as being 
representatives of the whole family. And having proceeded, in my inquiry, into their relationship, by the 
safe and cautious method of induction, I think my conclusion is fully warranted, and established upon the 
most probable grounds. I do not say that it is mathematically demonstrated, although I have entered into 
numerical calculations. The result, however, is, I think, a near approximation to truth on the subject. 

" A considerable affinity has been traced, by German Philologists, between the Teutonic languages 
and the Sanscrit. But a still closer affinity subsists between the former and the Hebrew, as will be 
evident by an inspection of the Vocabulary. For instance : the English has double the number of words 
affiliated with the Hebrew, compared with what it has with the Sanscrit. 

" The Sanscrit is much more remotely connected with the Hebrew and Arabic, than the Gothic and 
Saxon languages are with the same. " Yours, &c, J. T." 

I shall now make some extracts from a correspondence with the Eev. Samuel 
Fenton, bearing upon the Welsh language. His intimate knowledge of the language 
and connexion with Wales give special value to his critical remarks. His zeal for 
the antiquity and honour of the language of the Cyrnry will, I doubt not, be as 
readily excused by my readers as by myself. 

In his first letter he says : — " I am glad to hear that you know something of 
Welsh ; because it is evident from the circumstance of its idioms being so akin to 
those of the Hebrew, that it is a very ancient language. The languages, which 
have the shortest words, may be considered primitive languages; and this is a 
peculiarity of the Welsh, in which even letters are significant, of which the following 
is an example : Eve a a = Eve he, a will, a go. Termen, a boundary, is not a 
Latin, but a purely Armorican Welsh word; while Terminus is a Latin word 
derived from it. In the Welsh language there are no such expressions as to go 
up, come down, and go out; but the expressions are, go to the mountain, go to the 
ground, go to the open field. The names of the four seasons are primitive. Gwanwyn, 
the Spring, is literally Tender lambs. Haf, Summer, literally Fulness; Hydrev, the 
Autumn, literally to home ; for then the fruits of the earth are led home. Ganaf (/ 
is sounded like v) the shutting of Summer = Winter." Having intimated to Mr. F. 
that I found after a close scrutiny of my Vocabulary that the Welsh occupied an 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. XXI. 

inferior position in relation to the Hebrew compared with the English, which 
circumstance I feared would not be acceptable to the learned Cymry ; my zealous 
correspondent replied : — " I think that the Welsh Literati will indeed be dissatisfied 
with the position you have assigned the British language. I was told by the late 
learned Dr. Alexander Nicholl, Oxford Professor of Hebrew, who knew most of 
the Oriental languages, that he considered the Welsh language the nearest to the 
Hebrew, the idioms of which it expresses most exactly. He told me that the 
circumstance of its having the possessive and primitive pronoun, from which the 
possessive is derived, each side the noun substantive, was a sign of the Welsh 
being one of the most ancient languages of the world. In illustration, ' My Son ' 
would be thus in Welsh, vy mab i, literally My Son I. 

" I cannot conceive how you contrive to place the language of the Cymru 
' below that of our own language in relation to the Hebrew,' the idioms of which 
Dr. Davies, once rector of Mallwyd, a very learned Hebrew scholar, says, the 
Welsh language ' Exprimit ad vivum.' I trust that you will reconsider this 
subject." 

My readers will now expect something in my own defence. The following 
was my principal reply : — 

"My dear Sir, — I note what you say further in your last letter of August 31st, regarding the simi- 
larity of the Welsh to the Hebrew in its structure and idioms, and the eminent authorities you adduce on 
the subject. But it was not my design to enter into the peculiar idioms or grammatical structure of the 
"Welsh, or indeed of any other language. 

"My plan was simply this — 1st, to make out a list of about 150 English words, (pure Anglo-Saxon,) 
plain, simple, and important, relating to various branches of human knowledge, and such as were likely to 
have corresponding words in almost all other languages. 2ndly, I got friends in various parts of the world 
to furnish me with the languages they were familiar with, aided by native teachers ; and requested them to 
give me the simplest and plainest words in the several languages. 

" The Welsh I got myself from a competent native scholar, exactly in the same manner, without 
reference to any ultimate design of comparison. 

" 3rdly, I then carefully compared all the words in the various languages with the Hebrew, marking 
the degree of affinity which any word had to it by No. 1 or 2, the former figure indicating a near affinity, 
the latter a more remote one to the Hebrew. I then took the sum total of affinities of each language to the 
Hebrew, which determined its relative position to the Hebrew as the parent stock. In the same manner I 
ascertained the relation which all the other languages (except the Hebrew) bore to the English. In this 
comparison I was guided principally by the well ascertained mutations and interchanges of consonants, 
well known to philologists as being common to almost all languages. 

" I endeavoured to be strictly impartial. Yet my work is doubtless very imperfect, although I have 
often revised it. 

" I may just remark that the proof adduced by Dr. Mcoll, of the affinity of the Welsh to the Hebrew, 
does not strike me as being conclusive, viz. : in having the possessive pronoun prefixed and the primitive 
pronoun affixed to the noun substantive. Eor, "My Son" is in Hebrew, Beni, and not as in Welsh, 
vy mab i, so in like manner my Father, my Mother, ^2H- ^DN- 

I now insert Mr. Fenton's last letter up to this time, dated September 29th, 
1864, as it contains several interesting critical notices on the Welsh language, 



XX11. CONCLUDING EEMARKS. 

wliicli will, I think, gratify and interest most of my readers as much as they have 
gratified myself. 

"Sandown Park, Wavertree, 29th Sept., 1864. 

"My dear Sir, — In reply to your letter of the 27th, you are at perfect liberty to insert in your 
philological work my notions on the Welsh, if you think them worth notice. As I know scarcely anything 
of Hebrew, I am not competent to say anything about it, except that it contains very short words ; and 
I, therefore, consider the language comprising the shortest words, and whose single letters are significant as 
verbs. and auxiliaries to verbs, and whose first uncompounded tense is the Future, to rank very near, if not 
the nearest one to the Hebrew, which I believe is the mother language of the world. 

"In addition to what I have herein and in a former letter said to you, with reference to the "Welsh 
language, I will mention some particulars which may interest and perhaps surprise you. 

" 1. The Welsh is the easiest of all languages to be read with perfect accent when once the student is 
master of the alphabet ; as there is only one general rule and only one exception as to where the accent is 
to be laid. The rule is that the accent is to be laid on the antepenultima, except in the case of words ending 
in hau, which syllable is to be pronounced as if it were spelt hai, the ai sounded like ai in Kau. As in the 
words, ifyraAU to shorten, BywHXU to vivify, Arwyddochau to signify ; the double d in which is to be 
sounded like th soft, as in the English words Tuat, isere, thm, THercce, THem. 

" 2. There were, till lately destroyed by fire, copies upwards of a thousand years old, of MSS. which 
were very old ; yet, so little has the Welsh suffered from time and change, that the language of these MSS. 
is as intelligible as the language of the Welsh people at present, and the Orthography is that of the 
present day. 

" 3. There is no such thing as a patois of the Welsh language. The meanest and most illiterate 
peasant never violates the rides of grammar, but expresses himself in a correct and classical manner ; and 
if an Englishman has learnt the Welsh so as to speak it with tolerable fluency, and should, in conversing 
with a Welsh peasant, make a mistake in his grammar, however nice and delicate the point may be, a 
smile will be noticed on the peasant's couutenance. 

" 4. I believe the exceptions to the rules of the Welsh grammar will be found fewer than those in 
any other language. There are certain consonants which undergo mutations, and in regard to these there 
is no exception. Eor instance : the consonant M is mutable. Yy mam is my mother. The initial m in 
this word is changed into V, after the possessive pronoun of the second person in the singular number ; a?, 
dy Yam thy mother, and such mutation in every substantive in the language takes place, which commences 
with the letter M ; and such is the case with all the other mutable consonants. T changes into D after 
the second person possessive pronoun Tad a father, Dy Ddd thy father ; and such is the mutation, without 
exception, every word in the language undergoes, commencing with T after that possessive pronoun. 

"SAMUEL FEXTOX." 
"Key. J. Tomlin." 






LIST OF SUBSCEIBEES. 




Allen, E. C, Esq., Hawes. 
Aldam, W., Esq., Frickley Hall, Doncaster. 
Armstrong, Eev. Dr., Eector of Burslem. 
Bathurst, Eev. W. H., Lydney Park. 
Brinton, G S., Esq., Mayor of Southampton. 
Badenoch, Eev. G. E., Edinburgh. 
Benson, Eev. Canon, Eoss (5 copies). 
Blackwood, Eev. Dr. Stevenson, Middleton Tyas 

(2 copies). 
Clarke, Eev. T., Eector of Ormside. 
Chapman, Dr., London. 
Copeland, Mrs., Sydenham Hill. 
Copeland, Mrs. H, Prince's Park, Liverpool. 
Copeland, Miss H, Prince's Park, Liverpool. 
Copeland, W., Esq., Cadnant, Bangor. 
Collie, Miss, Blackheath, London. 
Carter, Mrs. G., Liverpool. 
Carus, Eev. Canon, Winchester. 
Cowan, C, Esq., M.D., Beading. 
Cropper, J., Esq., Liverpool. 
Croft, Eev. T., M.A., Incumbent of Holme. 
Campbell, Eev. A., Eector, Liverpool. 
Cooper, Eev. Canon, Kendal. 
Clarke, Eev. B. S., Southport. 
Edwards, G. T., Esq., Windermere. 
Elmy, B. H., Esq., Dallam Tower. 
Evans, Ven. Archdeacon, Heversham. 
Eenton, Eev. S., St. Mary's, Wavertree. 
Georgii, Professor, London. 
Garstang, J., Esq., Clitheroe. 

Herschel, Sir J. E., Collingwood, Hawkhurst, 
Kent. 

Hildyard, Eev. J., Ingoldsby, Grantham. 

Hodgson, Mrs., Houghton House, Carlisle. 

Haigh, Mrs., Streatham, Surrey. 

Harke, Eev. F. M., M.A., Klge Hill, Liverpool. 

Inglis, Mrs. Col., Dublin. 

Jenour, Eev. A., Blackpool. 

Jefferson, Eev. L., Yicar of Brough. 

Kay, Samuel, Esq., Haverbrack (7 copies). 

Lawrence, J., Esq., Liverpool. 

La Trobe, Eev. Canon, Kendal. 



Martin, John, Esq., Liverpool. 

M'Conkey, Eev. A., Liverpool. 

Marsh, Eev. Dr., Beddington. 

Margoliouth, Eev. Dr. 

Matthews, Eev. W., Incumbent of Hawes. 

M'Neile, Eev. Canon, Liverpool. 

Marshman, J. C, Esq., London. 

Martindale, H., Esq., TJnderbarrow. 

Mercer, Eev. W., Sheffield (2 copies). 

Mayer, Jos., Esq., Bebington, Cheshire. 

JSTihill, Eev. D., Fitz-Eectory. 

Nottingham, J., Esq., Liverpool. 

Pollard, J. M., Esq., Ipswich. 

Piatt, Eev. G, Sedbergh. 

Pink, Eev. E., Hardrow, Hawes. 

Eouth, Eev. J. 0., Windermere (2 copies). 

Eouth, 0. F., Esq., Hawes. 

Eobinson, Mr. James, Kendal. 

Eogers, W., Esq., Southampton (2 copies). 

Eenouard, Eev. G. C, Swanscombe. 

Eadley, J., Esq., Denmark Hill, London (2 copies). 

Eawsthorne, H., Esq., Haslingden. 

Eoberts, Eev. E. E., Eichmond, Yorkshire. 

Eobinson, D., Esq., Clitheroe Castle. 

Summers, Eev. W., Kendal. 

Scott, Miss, Brent House, Penrith. 

Sykes, A., Esq., Colthurst, Clitheroe. 

Sedgwick, Eev. Professor, Cambridge. 

Sale, Eev. Canon, Sheffield. 

Titley, Eev. E., Liverpool. 

Taylor, Miss J., Lyth. 

Tidman, Eev. Dr., London. 

Wharncliffe, Lord, Wortley Hall. 

Whaley, 0. E, Esq., Hawes. 

Webster, G, Esq., Liverpool (2 copies). 

Winn, G., Esq., Askrigg. 

Wolstenholme, Miss, Booths Town, Manchester. 

Wilson, G. E., Esq., Dallam Tower (2 copies). 

Williams, Monier, Esq., Sanscrit Professor, Oxford. 

Wilson, Eev. Dr., Southampton. 

Whewell, Eev. Dr., Trinity Lodge, Cambridge. 












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